Hand Hygiene Practices Among NursesNCT06788405
Effects of Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene Simulation on Nurses' Hand Hygiene
A study testing Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene Simulation and Standard Hand Hygiene Training in people with Hand Hygiene Practices Among Nurses and Nursing Education, run by Askin Selvi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an important patient safety concern, and hand hygiene is one of the most effective measures for preventing their transmission. However, hand hygiene compliance among healthcare professionals, including nurses, remains suboptimal. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Hand Hygiene Practices Among Nurses, Nursing Education, Simulation Training
- What is being tested?
- Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene Simulation and Standard Hand Hygiene Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 76 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 7 Jun 2024to 1 Sep 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Nurses who volunteered to participate in the study. Nurses who were actively working in the specified patient care units.
Who cannot join
- Nurses who had received any hand hygiene training other than general orientation within the previous year.
- Nurses with a history of epilepsy or seizures. Nurses with neurological or vision-related disorders that could interfere with the use of a VR headset.
- Nurses with motion sickness that could interfere with the use of a VR headset.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Development and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Simulation for Hand Hygiene Training: An In-Service Nursing Education Example
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an important patient safety concern, and hand hygiene is one of the most effective measures for preventing their transmission. However, hand hygiene compliance among healthcare professionals, including nurses, remains suboptimal. Innovative educational approaches may support the development of hand hygiene knowledge, behaviour, and compliance.
Virtual reality (VR) simulation provides an immersive and interactive learning environment that allows learners to practice clinical situations and reinforce knowledge and skills. In nursing education, VR simulation may facilitate the transfer of theoretical knowledge into practice and provide opportunities for repeated learning experiences.
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a VR-based hand hygiene simulation for nurses. Participants in both the experimental and control groups received standard hand hygiene training, while participants in the experimental group additionally received VR-based hand hygiene simulation. The study evaluated the effects of the intervention on nurses' hand hygiene knowledge, handwashing behaviour, and hand hygiene compliance.
- Conditions
- Hand Hygiene Practices Among Nurses, Nursing Education, Simulation Training, Virtual Reality
- Being tested
- Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene Simulation, Standard Hand Hygiene Training
- Keywords
- hand hygiene, virtual reality, nursing education, simulation, Healthcare-associated infections
- Medical subject headings
- Cross Infection
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene SimulationBehavioural
Participants in the experimental group received standard hand hygiene training followed by a virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene simulation. The VR simulation provided an immersive and interactive learning environment in which nurses practiced hand hygiene in simulated clinical scenarios. The simulation was designed to reinforce hand hygiene knowledge and appropriate hand hygiene practices through an interactive learning experience.
Standard Hand Hygiene TrainingOther
Participants received standard hand hygiene training covering the principles and recommended practices of hand hygiene. This training represented the standard educational intervention and did not include the virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene simulation.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| experimental group | Experimental | Participants in the experimental group received standard hand hygiene training followed by the virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene simulation. The VR simulation provided an immersive and interactive learning experience in which participants practiced hand hygiene in simulated clinical scenarios. Receives: Behavioral: Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene Simulation |
| control group | Other | Participants in the control group received standard hand hygiene training only and did not participate in the virtual reality hand hygiene simulation. Receives: Other: Standard Hand Hygiene Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Primary Outcome Measure - Title: Hand Hygiene Knowledge
Hand hygiene knowledge was assessed using a 20-item Knowledge Test developed by the researchers based on the content of the hand hygiene training programme. The test was designed to assess nurses' level of knowledge regarding hand hygiene. Content validity was evaluated using the Lawshe technique based on the opinions of eight experts, and the content validity index was 0.99. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.739 in the present study. Higher scores indicate a higher level of hand hygiene knowledge.
Measured: Baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at 2-month follow-up
Handwashing Behaviour
Handwashing behaviour was assessed using the Scale for Assessment of Hand Washing Behaviour in the Frame of Theory of Planned Behaviour. The scale consists of 46 items across eight subscales and assesses healthcare professionals' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes regarding handwashing. Higher scores indicate stronger and more positive motivation toward handwashing. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.943 in this study.
Measured: Baseline (pre-training), immediately after the intervention (post-training), and at 2-month follow-up
Hand Hygiene Compliance
Hand hygiene compliance was assessed by direct observation using the Hand Hygiene Observation Form based on the WHO Five Moments for Hand Hygiene: before touching a patient, after touching a patient, after body fluid exposure risk, before clean/aseptic procedures, and after touching patient surroundings. Trained independent observers conducted the assessments, and each nurse was observed for 25 hand hygiene indications.
Measured: Baseline (pre-training), within approximately 3 days after the intervention, and at 2-month follow-up
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Jan 2025
- Study start7 Jun 2024
- Primary completion20 Aug 2024
- Study completion1 Sep 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Hand Hygiene Practices Among NursesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 76 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Askin Selvi
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Askin Selvi, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa
- Investigators
- AŞKIN SELVİ, Assistant Professor, Principal investigator, İstanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06788405
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- İUC_ASELVİ_001
- Other IDs
- 124S279
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 12 Apr 2024
- Last updated
- 17 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Development and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Simulation for Hand Hygiene Training: An In-Service Nursing Education Example
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06788405
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- İUC_ASELVİ_001
- Conditions
- Hand Hygiene Practices Among Nurses, Nursing Education, Simulation Training, Virtual Reality
- Keywords
- hand hygiene, virtual reality, nursing education, simulation, Healthcare-associated infections
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 76 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Askin SelviUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
- Study start
- 7 Jun 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 Aug 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Sep 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an important patient safety concern, and hand hygiene is one of the most effective measures for preventing their transmission. However, hand hygiene compliance among healthcare professionals, including nurses, remains suboptimal. Innovative educational approaches may support the development of hand hygiene knowledge, behaviour, and compliance.
Virtual reality (VR) simulation provides an immersive and interactive learning environment that allows learners to practice clinical situations and reinforce knowledge and skills. In nursing education, VR simulation may facilitate the transfer of theoretical knowledge into practice and provide opportunities for repeated learning experiences.
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a VR-based hand hygiene simulation for nurses. Participants in both the experimental and control groups received standard hand hygiene training, while participants in the experimental group additionally received VR-based hand hygiene simulation. The study evaluated the effects of the intervention on nurses' hand hygiene knowledge, handwashing behaviour, and hand hygiene compliance.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| experimental group | Experimental | Behavioral: Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene SimulationParticipants in the experimental group received standard hand hygiene training followed by the virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene simulation. The VR simulation provided an immersive and interactive learning experience in which participants practiced hand hygiene in simulated clinical scenarios. |
| control group | Other | Other: Standard Hand Hygiene TrainingParticipants in the control group received standard hand hygiene training only and did not participate in the virtual reality hand hygiene simulation. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Nurses who volunteered to participate in the study. Nurses who were actively working in the specified patient care units.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Nurses who had received any hand hygiene training other than general orientation within the previous year.
- Nurses with a history of epilepsy or seizures. Nurses with neurological or vision-related disorders that could interfere with the use of a VR headset.
- Nurses with motion sickness that could interfere with the use of a VR headset.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene SimulationParticipants in the experimental group received standard hand hygiene training followed by a virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene simulation. The VR simulation provided an immersive and interactive learning environment in which nurses practiced hand hygiene in simulated clinical scenarios. The simulation was designed to reinforce hand hygiene knowledge and appropriate hand hygiene practices through an interactive learning experience. | Behavioural | experimental group |
| Standard Hand Hygiene TrainingParticipants received standard hand hygiene training covering the principles and recommended practices of hand hygiene. This training represented the standard educational intervention and did not include the virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene simulation. | Other | control group |
Primary outcome
Primary Outcome Measure - Title: Hand Hygiene Knowledge
Time frame: Baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at 2-month follow-up
Hand hygiene knowledge was assessed using a 20-item Knowledge Test developed by the researchers based on the content of the hand hygiene training programme. The test was designed to assess nurses' level of knowledge regarding hand hygiene. Content validity was evaluated using the Lawshe technique based on the opinions of eight experts, and the content validity index was 0.99. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.739 in the present study. Higher scores indicate a higher level of hand hygiene knowledge.
Handwashing Behaviour
Time frame: Baseline (pre-training), immediately after the intervention (post-training), and at 2-month follow-up
Handwashing behaviour was assessed using the Scale for Assessment of Hand Washing Behaviour in the Frame of Theory of Planned Behaviour. The scale consists of 46 items across eight subscales and assesses healthcare professionals' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes regarding handwashing. Higher scores indicate stronger and more positive motivation toward handwashing. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.943 in this study.
Hand Hygiene Compliance
Time frame: Baseline (pre-training), within approximately 3 days after the intervention, and at 2-month follow-up
Hand hygiene compliance was assessed by direct observation using the Hand Hygiene Observation Form based on the WHO Five Moments for Hand Hygiene: before touching a patient, after touching a patient, after body fluid exposure risk, before clean/aseptic procedures, and after touching patient surroundings. Trained independent observers conducted the assessments, and each nurse was observed for 25 hand hygiene indications.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Aug 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
AŞKIN SELVİ, Assistant Professor principal investigator
İstanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Virtual Reality Hand Hygiene Simulation and Standard Hand Hygiene Training in people with Hand Hygiene Practices Among Nurses and Nursing Education, run by Askin Selvi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Primary Outcome Measure - Title: Hand Hygiene Knowledge (time frame: Baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at 2-month follow-up). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Aug 2026.