HealthyNCT06683625
Neurotransmitter Analysis, Stress, and Energy Availability in Athletes
An observational study of Healthy, run by Poznan University of Physical Education at 1 site in Poland.
Trial summary
The goal of this observational study is to examine if there is a correlation between energy deficiency, neurotransmitter levels, and exercise test performance among athletes in the Polish national rowing team. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy
- What is being tested?
- 6K Max Effort Erg Test
- How many people
- 27 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePoland
- Study dates
- 10 Nov 2024to 15 Nov 2024
- How long will I take part?
- 1 Month
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: The study will be conducted at the Olympic Preparation Center COS OPO in Wałcz. Testing will begin in the morning with fasting body composition measurements and blood sampling to determine baseline values of measured parameters. Psychological assessments, including questionnaires tailored for the study, will also be administered. Following this, participants will undergo an exercise test in a specialized training room equipped with modern rowing ergometers, during which each athlete will row a distance of 6,000 meters as quickly as possible. Athletes will be encouraged to maximize their effort throughout the test. Additional blood samples will be collected according to the testing schedule. The blood samples will then be transported to the ZWKF AWF laboratory in Poznań for parameter analysis.
Who may be able to join
- Gender and Biological Sex Alignment: Participants' self-identified gender must align with their biological sex due to the effects of sexual dimorphism on athletic performance.
- Sex: Both male and female athletes are eligible to participate. Training Level: Participants must be highly trained, with a minimum of 5 years of consistent, high-level athletic training experience.
- Experience: Participants should have competitive experience at a regional, national, or international level.
- Health Status: Participants must be healthy, with no current or chronic medical conditions, injuries, or diseases that could affect study outcomes.
Who cannot join
- Gender-Biological Sex Mismatch: Individuals whose self-identified gender does not align with their biological sex are excluded, to maintain consistency in data affected by sexual dimorphism.
- Training Level: Recreational athletes, individuals with less than 3 years of high-level training, or those lacking competitive experience are excluded.
- Health Conditions: Individuals with any medical conditions, chronic illnesses, acute injuries, or undergoing treatments that may interfere with athletic performance or study variables are excluded.
- Medication: Use of medications or supplements that could influence metabolism, muscle composition, or overall physical performance results in exclusion.
- Other Factors: Any other factors, such as lifestyle habits (e.g., smoking, excessive alcohol use), that could affect physiological responses to training and testing, are grounds for exclusion.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Poland1 site
Poznań University of Physical Education
Poznan, Greater Poland Voivodeship, 61-871
About this study
Official title: Effects of Intense Physical Exertion on Neurotransmitter Levels, Stress, and Recovery in Relation to Energy Availability in Athletes
The goal of this observational study is to examine if there is a correlation between energy deficiency, neurotransmitter levels, and exercise test performance among athletes in the Polish national rowing team. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does relative energy deficiency (RED) impact neurotransmitter levels and, consequently, athletic performance? Can monitoring energy availability, neurotransmitter levels, and psychological factors provide insights into physiological and psychological adaptations to intense training? Researchers will compare results obtained before the exercise test with those taken immediately after and following a 1-hour recovery period to assess changes in performance, biochemical markers, and psychological responses.
Read more
Participants will:
- Engage in a standardized exercise test.
- Undergo assessments of energy availability, neurotransmitter levels, and performance at multiple time points (pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and post-1-hour recovery).
- Complete psychological questionnaires assessing stress levels, recovery, and energy availability.
This study aims to identify potential links between energy status, biochemical responses, psychological well-being, and athletic performance, allowing for targeted interventions to optimize training outcomes.
Read the detailed description
The primary goal of this project is to optimize athletic training for the national rowing team through comprehensive multi-dimensional monitoring. This approach aims to enhance athletes' performance capabilities and readiness for high-level competition. The Polish national rowing team consistently wins medals at international events, with the Olympic medal being the ultimate achievement for these athletes. Given this high standard, special attention is placed on preparing the athletes, not only in terms of physical readiness but also through continuous monitoring of adaptive processes. This proactive approach enables early detection of adverse changes, allowing for rapid adjustments to the training process to prevent fatigue and overtraining.
Building on the previous year's findings, this project focuses on the effects of relative energy deficiency (RED) in sports. Introduced by the International Olympic Committee in 2014, RED refers to a syndrome of impairments that arise from low energy availability (EA) due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure relative to lean body mass. In high-performance sports like rowing, athletes experience internal and external pressures to maintain peak performance, which often impacts energy intake and expenditure. Low energy availability (LEA) initially leads to negative energy balance and weight loss, as the body's energy reserves are used to meet demand. Over time, chronic LEA results in metabolic and physiological adaptations, reducing total energy expenditure to prevent further weight loss. While body weight and fat mass may stabilize, athletes can experience compromised physiological functions due to LEA.
LEA impacts recovery, muscle mass, neuromuscular function, and increases injury risk, all of which can detrimentally affect performance. Sustained LEA aimed at reducing body mass or fat levels can lead to health and performance declines, a pattern seen in both male and female athletes. Recent awareness highlights that male rowers, previously assumed to be protected due to their higher lean mass and body size, may also experience RED-S. The demands of high-level rowing, often involving six hours of intense daily training with long endurance sessions and strength workouts, create challenges in meeting energy requirements.
This project involves biochemical assessments alongside psychological questionnaires to monitor athletes' stress, recovery, and energy availability. Such comprehensive monitoring provides insights into both the physical and mental responses to training stressors, supporting the development of tailored interventions for optimal performance and health in elite rowers.
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Being tested
- 6K Max Effort Erg Test
- Keywords
- neurotransmitters, low energy availability, athletes, fatigue
- Medical subject headings
- Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
6K Max Effort Erg TestDiagnostic test
"6K Max Effort Erg Test", involves participants completing a 6000-meter rowing distance on an ergometer as quickly as possible. This test is designed to measure peak endurance and performance under controlled conditions and will serve as a primary assessment of each athlete's physical output and adaptive capacity.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Eight female athletes Receives: Diagnostic Test: 6K Max Effort Erg Test | |
| Group 2 | 19 male athletes Receives: Diagnostic Test: 6K Max Effort Erg Test |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes from baseline in cortisol level.
Marker of stress level.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in testosterone level.
Marker of anabolic activity.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in serotonin level.
Marker of mood regulation and emotional well-being
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from in serotonin level.
Marker of mood regulation and emotional well-being.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level.
Marker of neuroinhibition.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in dopamine level.
Marker of stress and adrenal function.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in tryptophan level.
Marker of mood regulation, serotonin synthesis.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Baseline Mood Profile of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using POMS Questionnaire.
The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire measures mood states and emotional well-being.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Stress and Recovery Profile of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using RESTQ-76 Sport Questionnaire.
The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-76 SPORT), 76-item version questionnaire measures stress and recovery balance in athletes.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Psychological Strain Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using APSQ Questionnaire.
The Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) measures psychological strain and mental health challenges in athletes.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Eating Behavior and Attitudes of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using EDE-Q 6.0 Questionnaire.
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Eating Behavior and Attitudes of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using EDE-Q 6.0 Questionnaire.
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Energy Availability and Health Assessment of Female Athletes Before Exercise Test Using LEAF Questionnaire.
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Energy Availability and Health Assessment of Male Athletes Before Exercise Test Using LEAM Questionnaire.
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Secondary outcomes (2)
Baseline Dietary Habits Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using Nutrition Questionnaire
The nutrition questionnaire assesses dietary habits, nutrient intake, meal frequency and types, potential deficiencies or excesses, food preferences, supplement use, and overall diet quality.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Body Composition Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test
Baseline body composition measurements will be conducted using the bioimpedance method to assess athletes' body fat, muscle mass, and overall composition prior to the exercise test.
Measured: At rest (before the exercise test).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Nov 2024
- Study start10 Nov 2024
- Primary completion10 Nov 2024
- Study completion15 Nov 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for HealthyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 27 participants (actual)
- Target duration
- 1 Month
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Poznan University of Physical Education
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, Poznan University of Physical Education
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06683625
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- RowersMF2024
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 8 Nov 2024
- Last updated
- 20 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: There is not a plan to make individual participant data (IPD) available because protecting participant confidentiality is a priority, especially given the sensitive nature of personal health and performance data collected in this study. Additionally, there may be limitations in data-sharing infrastructure and resources needed to anonymize and securely manage IPD for external access. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and ethical standards also restricts the feasibility of making IPD broadly available to other researchers.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Intense Physical Exertion on Neurotransmitter Levels, Stress, and Recovery in Relation to Energy Availability in Athletes
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06683625
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- RowersMF2024
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Keywords
- neurotransmitters, low energy availability, athletes, fatigue
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 27 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Poznan University of Physical EducationUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Nov 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 12 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this observational study is to examine if there is a correlation between energy deficiency, neurotransmitter levels, and exercise test performance among athletes in the Polish national rowing team. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does relative energy deficiency (RED) impact neurotransmitter levels and, consequently, athletic performance? Can monitoring energy availability, neurotransmitter levels, and psychological factors provide insights into physiological and psychological adaptations to intense training? Researchers will compare results obtained before the exercise test with those taken immediately after and following a 1-hour recovery period to assess changes in performance, biochemical markers, and psychological responses.
Participants will:
- Engage in a standardized exercise test.
- Undergo assessments of energy availability, neurotransmitter levels, and performance at multiple time points (pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and post-1-hour recovery).
- Complete psychological questionnaires assessing stress levels, recovery, and energy availability.
This study aims to identify potential links between energy status, biochemical responses, psychological well-being, and athletic performance, allowing for targeted interventions to optimize training outcomes.
Detailed description
The primary goal of this project is to optimize athletic training for the national rowing team through comprehensive multi-dimensional monitoring. This approach aims to enhance athletes' performance capabilities and readiness for high-level competition. The Polish national rowing team consistently wins medals at international events, with the Olympic medal being the ultimate achievement for these athletes. Given this high standard, special attention is placed on preparing the athletes, not only in terms of physical readiness but also through continuous monitoring of adaptive processes. This proactive approach enables early detection of adverse changes, allowing for rapid adjustments to the training process to prevent fatigue and overtraining.
Building on the previous year's findings, this project focuses on the effects of relative energy deficiency (RED) in sports. Introduced by the International Olympic Committee in 2014, RED refers to a syndrome of impairments that arise from low energy availability (EA) due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure relative to lean body mass. In high-performance sports like rowing, athletes experience internal and external pressures to maintain peak performance, which often impacts energy intake and expenditure. Low energy availability (LEA) initially leads to negative energy balance and weight loss, as the body's energy reserves are used to meet demand. Over time, chronic LEA results in metabolic and physiological adaptations, reducing total energy expenditure to prevent further weight loss. While body weight and fat mass may stabilize, athletes can experience compromised physiological functions due to LEA.
LEA impacts recovery, muscle mass, neuromuscular function, and increases injury risk, all of which can detrimentally affect performance. Sustained LEA aimed at reducing body mass or fat levels can lead to health and performance declines, a pattern seen in both male and female athletes. Recent awareness highlights that male rowers, previously assumed to be protected due to their higher lean mass and body size, may also experience RED-S. The demands of high-level rowing, often involving six hours of intense daily training with long endurance sessions and strength workouts, create challenges in meeting energy requirements.
This project involves biochemical assessments alongside psychological questionnaires to monitor athletes' stress, recovery, and energy availability. Such comprehensive monitoring provides insights into both the physical and mental responses to training stressors, supporting the development of tailored interventions for optimal performance and health in elite rowers.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Target follow-up
- 1 Month
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | – | Diagnostic Test: 6K Max Effort Erg TestEight female athletes |
| Group 2 | – | Diagnostic Test: 6K Max Effort Erg Test19 male athletes |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The study will be conducted at the Olympic Preparation Center COS OPO in Wałcz. Testing will begin in the morning with fasting body composition measurements and blood sampling to determine baseline values of measured parameters. Psychological assessments, including questionnaires tailored for the study, will also be administered. Following this, participants will undergo an exercise test in a specialized training room equipped with modern rowing ergometers, during which each athlete will row a distance of 6,000 meters as quickly as possible. Athletes will be encouraged to maximize their effort throughout the test. Additional blood samples will be collected according to the testing schedule. The blood samples will then be transported to the ZWKF AWF laboratory in Poznań for parameter analysis.
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Gender and Biological Sex Alignment: Participants' self-identified gender must align with their biological sex due to the effects of sexual dimorphism on athletic performance.
- Sex: Both male and female athletes are eligible to participate. Training Level: Participants must be highly trained, with a minimum of 5 years of consistent, high-level athletic training experience.
- Experience: Participants should have competitive experience at a regional, national, or international level.
- Health Status: Participants must be healthy, with no current or chronic medical conditions, injuries, or diseases that could affect study outcomes.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Gender-Biological Sex Mismatch: Individuals whose self-identified gender does not align with their biological sex are excluded, to maintain consistency in data affected by sexual dimorphism.
- Training Level: Recreational athletes, individuals with less than 3 years of high-level training, or those lacking competitive experience are excluded.
- Health Conditions: Individuals with any medical conditions, chronic illnesses, acute injuries, or undergoing treatments that may interfere with athletic performance or study variables are excluded.
- Medication: Use of medications or supplements that could influence metabolism, muscle composition, or overall physical performance results in exclusion.
- Other Factors: Any other factors, such as lifestyle habits (e.g., smoking, excessive alcohol use), that could affect physiological responses to training and testing, are grounds for exclusion.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| 6K Max Effort Erg Test"6K Max Effort Erg Test", involves participants completing a 6000-meter rowing distance on an ergometer as quickly as possible. This test is designed to measure peak endurance and performance under controlled conditions and will serve as a primary assessment of each athlete's physical output and adaptive capacity. | Diagnostic test | Group 1, Group 2 |
Primary outcome
Changes from baseline in cortisol level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of stress level.
Changes from baseline in testosterone level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of anabolic activity.
Changes from baseline in serotonin level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of mood regulation and emotional well-being
Changes from in serotonin level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of mood regulation and emotional well-being.
Changes from baseline in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of neuroinhibition.
Changes from baseline in dopamine level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of stress and adrenal function.
Changes from baseline in tryptophan level.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Marker of mood regulation, serotonin synthesis.
Baseline Mood Profile of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using POMS Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire measures mood states and emotional well-being.
Baseline Stress and Recovery Profile of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using RESTQ-76 Sport Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-76 SPORT), 76-item version questionnaire measures stress and recovery balance in athletes.
Baseline Psychological Strain Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using APSQ Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) measures psychological strain and mental health challenges in athletes.
Baseline Eating Behavior and Attitudes of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using EDE-Q 6.0 Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Baseline Eating Behavior and Attitudes of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using EDE-Q 6.0 Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Baseline Energy Availability and Health Assessment of Female Athletes Before Exercise Test Using LEAF Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
Baseline Energy Availability and Health Assessment of Male Athletes Before Exercise Test Using LEAM Questionnaire.
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) measures the severity of eating disorder behaviors and attitudes.
2 secondary outcomes
Baseline Dietary Habits Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using Nutrition Questionnaire
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
Baseline Body Composition Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test
Time frame: At rest (before the exercise test).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Nov 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. There is not a plan to make individual participant data (IPD) available because protecting participant confidentiality is a priority, especially given the sensitive nature of personal health and performance data collected in this study. Additionally, there may be limitations in data-sharing infrastructure and resources needed to anonymize and securely manage IPD for external access. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and ethical standards also restricts the feasibility of making IPD broadly available to other researchers.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Healthy, run by Poznan University of Physical Education at 1 site in Poland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Poland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes from baseline in cortisol level. (time frame: At rest (before the exercise test), 1 minute after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.). The study lists 14 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Nov 2025.