Effect of Two Years of Resistance Training on Health Status in Postmenopausal Women: Longitudinal Study Active Aging.

HDL-c (mg/dL), LDL-c (mg/dL), Total cholesterol (mg/dL), Glucose (mg/dL), triglycerides(mg/dL), C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

Echocardiography exams were performed accord- ing to current guidelines [18], at baseline and the end of the investigation, by an experienced echocardi- ographer blinded to patient status and group assign- ment, using a Philips ultrasound machine, model iE33 (Philips Medical Solutions, Noord Brabant, The Netherlands), equipped with an S5-1 and X5-1 transducer. According to current recommendations, cardiac chamber dimensions, volumes, and left ven- tricular mass were measured. Mitral inflow velocities were assessed using a pulsed-wave Doppler in the apical four-chamber view, with the sample volume placed between the tips of the mitral leaflets; veloci- ties were recorded at end-expiration. Tissue Doppler velocities were acquired at end-expiration, in the api- cal four-chamber view, with the sample positioned at the septal and lateral mitral annulus for determination of systolic (S'), early diastolic (E'), and late diastolic (A') velocities.

The Brazilian version ofthe Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to analyze the global cognitive function. The MoCA is a screening tool composed of 12 individually punctuated tasks grouped into eight cognitive domains. The total score ranges from 0 to 30 (higher values reflect better cognition). Cognitive domains and their respective punctuations are as follows: short-term memory (delayed recall, 5 points); visuospatial abilities (cube drawing, 1 point, clock drawing, 3 points); executive function (trail making test, 1 point; phonemic verbal fluency, 1 point; verbal abstraction, 2 points); attention, concentration, andwork- ing memory (cancelation, 1 point; subtraction, 3 points; digit span, 2 points); language (naming, 3 points; sentence repetition, 2 points); and orientation to time (3 points) and space (3 points).

The Stroop test version used in the present study consisted of 36 tasks. In every trial, one cue appeared at the top part of the screen and the bottom two response options, one matched and one mismatched. Participants had to press the directional button (\< or \>) corresponding to the position ofthe correct response as quickly and accurately as possible. The test consisted of three stages with 12 trials each: (I-congruent) an inked rect- angle (green, black, red, or blue) appeared, and participants had to choose the response corresponding to the ink name; (II- neutral) a color name (green, black, red, or blue) appeared in white ink, and participants had to choose the option corresponding to the color name; (III-incongruent) a color name appeared at the top of the screen in a different ink color (e.g., the word black in green ink). The participants had to respond to the ink color, not the color name (e.g., green in this example).

The Trail Making Tests parts A and B were used to assess set shifting. Part A assesses the psychomotor speed and requires the participant to draw lines that connect encircled numbers sequentially, such as drawing a line from 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and so on. Part B consists ofencircled numbers and letters. Participants were instructed to draw a line as quickly and as accurately as possible from 1 to A, A to 2, 2 to B, B to 3, and so on, until they completed the task. We recorded the time (in seconds) they took to complete each task. We calculated the difference between part B and part A completion times to index set shifting. Smaller difference scores indicate better set shifting.

Participants were asked to say asmany words as possible within 60 s (31). In the first trial, par- ticipants had to produce words starting with the letter "F" (letter fluency) and produce the name of animals (category fluency). The final score refers to the number ofwords correctly spoken in 60 s.

The 15-item Geriatric Depres- sion Scale (GDS-15): The GDS-15 comprises 15 dichotomic items (yes or not) concerning different characteristics of geriatric depression as cognitive decline and somatic symptoms, with the final score ranging from 0 to 15, where the higher scores are worse.

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): The BAI comprises 21 items (statements) about different anxiety symptoms with a 4-point Likert scale, with the final score ranging from 0 to 63, where the higher scores are worse.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry examinations were performed in a Lunar Prodigy device, model NRL 41990 (General Electric, Madison, WI), to determine the total and regional bone mineral density (cm/m²). Participants were instructed to remove all metal objects before scanning to minimize possible estimation errors. Scans were performed with participants lying in the supine position along the table's longitudinal centerline axis. Feet were secured together at the toes to immobilize the legs while the hands were maintained in a pronated position within the scanning region. A skilled researcher carried out both calibration and analysis, following the manufacturer's recommendations. The software generated standard lines that separated the limbs from the trunk and head.