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AsthmaPhase 3FREYANCT06560255

Fish Oil in pREgnancY for Personalized Prevention of Early Childhood Asthma

A Phase 3 study testing n-3 fatty acid and Rape seed oil in people with Asthma and Respiratory Tract Infections, run by Professor Klaus Bønnelykke at 1 site in Denmark.

Recruiting

Looking for participants now. Contact the study team or a site below to ask about taking part.

Sites and contacts
Official record
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Trial summary

The overall aim of the study is to develop a nutritional preventive fish oil supplementation strategy in pregnancy for early childhood asthma/persistent wheeze during the first three years of life as we hypothesize that both supplementations in higher doses than recommended could reduce the risk of disease development. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 to 45 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
What is being tested?
n-3 fatty acid and Rape seed oil
Type of treatment
Pill or oral medicine
Could I receive a placebo?
Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people
2,000 participants
Where
1 siteDenmark
Study dates
20 Dec 2024to Mar 2033
Phase
Phase 3
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 to 45 years
  • Women only
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Adult
  • Pregnant Danish women before week 26 with blood levels of EPA+DHA below 4.7% of total fatty acids
  • No planned use of fish oil supplementations
  • No endocrine-, heart-, kidney- or auto-immune disorders
  • No disorders requiring treatment with blood thinning medication

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.

Klaus Bønnelykke, PhD contact

+45 38677360

kb@copsac.com

Ulrik Ralfkiaer, PhD contact

+45 38674164

administration@dbac.dk

Denmark1 site, 1 recruiting
  • Copenhagen University Hospital of Copenhagen

    Gentofte Municipality, DK-2820

    Klaus Bønnelykke, PhD, +45 38677360, kb@copsac.com

    Ulrik Ralfkiaer, PhD, +45 38674164, ulrik.ralfkiaer@dbac.dk

    Recruiting

Other trials in Denmark

About this study

Official title: Fish Oil in pREgnancY for Personalized Prevention of Early Childhood Asthma (FREYA)

The overall aim of the study is to develop a nutritional preventive fish oil supplementation strategy in pregnancy for early childhood asthma/persistent wheeze during the first three years of life as we hypothesize that both supplementations in higher doses than recommended could reduce the risk of disease development.

Read the detailed description

Randomization of 2000 pregnant women to fish oil of 2.4 g/day (55% EPA and 37% DHA) in triacylglycerol form vs placebo. Supplementation begins in gestational week 24 (22-26) until 1 week after delivery. Allocation to the trial will be determined based on the pre-interventional maternal blood levels of EPA+DHA with a dried blood screening test. Women with low levels (below 4.7% of total fatty acids) will be assigned to the fish oil RCT. Maternal blood will be used for genetic, metabolomic and proteomic profiling. A 3-year follow-up of the children with longitudinal registration of parent reported symptoms, diagnoses, medication use, and hospitalizations will be performed. The primary outcome is persistent wheeze or asthma until age 3 years, with predefined analyses of effect modification by maternal genotypes. Secondary outcomes are lower respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, croup, troublesome lung symptoms, eczema, allergy, bone fractures, developmental milestones, mental health, cognition, and growth until age 3 years. A follow-up on both primary and secondary outcomes is planned after unblinding, from age 3 to 6 years.

Being tested
n-3 fatty acid, Rape seed oil
Keywords
Childhood, Asthma, Infections, Eczema, Allergy, Development, Psychiatry, Bone development, Cognition, Growth
Medical subject headings
Asthma, Respiratory Tract Infections, Croup, Eczema, Hypersensitivity, Respiratory Sounds, Fractures, Bone, Mental Disorders

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • n-3 fatty acidDietary supplement

    Also called GoldenOmega, PharmaNord, DK

    Oral intake of 4 capsules per day from week 22-26 in pregnancy to 1 week after delivery

  • Rape seed oilOther

    Also called Placebo capsules, PharmaNord, DK

    Oral intake of 4 capsules per day from week 22-26 in pregnancy to 1 week after delivery

Study groups in NCT06560255
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
n-3 fatty acid of 2.4 g per dayExperimentalOral intake of 4 capsules daily from week 22-26 of gestation until 1 week after delivery
Receives: Dietary Supplement: n-3 fatty acid
Rape seed oilPlacebo comparatorOral intake of 4 capsules daily from week 22-26 of gestation until 1 week after delivery
Receives: Other: Rape seed oil

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Early childhood asthma/persistent wheeze age 0-3 years

    Defined as either a) parental report of a minimum of 2 wheeze episodes with at least 1 after the child's second birthday and redemption of at least 2 prescriptions of asthma controller medication with at least 1 being after the child's second birthday or b) a minimum of 2 ED visits or hospitalizations due to asthmatic symptoms, and at least 1 of these being after the child's second birthday or c) parental report of physician-diagnosed asthma age 0-3 years

    Outcome analysis: risk (survival analysis) of persistent wheeze or asthma at age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

Secondary outcomes (44)
  1. Atopic/non-atopic wheeze or asthma age 0-3 years

    Parental reports of physician diagnosed asthma in combination with eczema and/or allergic rhinitis.

    Outcome analyses: asthma/persistent wheeze with/without eczema and/or allergic rhinitis (yes/no) by age 3 years. Each subtype is compared with children without asthma.

    Measured: 3 years

  2. Troublesome lung symptoms age 0-3 years

    Defined as cough, wheeze or dyspnea severely affecting the well-being of the child for at least 3 consecutive days based on parental reports.

    Outcome analyses: total no. of episodes with symptoms age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  3. Wheeze episodes age 0-3 years

    Parental reports of wheezing.

    Outcome analyses: total no. of episodes with wheeze age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  4. Inhaled bronchodilator use from parental reports age 0-3 years

    Outcome analyses: total no. of days with bronchodilator use age 0-3.

    Measured: 3 years

  5. Inhaled bronchodilator prescriptions from medical record checks age 0-3 years

    Outcome analyses: total no. of prescriptions age 0-3.

    Measured: 3 years

  6. Asthma controller medication use from parental reports age 0-3 years

    Outcome analyses: total no. of days with use of asthma controller medication age 0-3.

    Measured: 3 years

  7. Asthma controller medication prescriptions from medical record checks age 0-3 years

    Outcome analyses: total no. of prescriptions age 0-3.

    Measured: 3 years

  8. Asthma hospitalizations or emergency department visits age 0-3 years

    Outcome analyses: total no. of episodes age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  9. Eczema age 0-3 years

    Parental reports of physician-diagnosed eczema and prescribed topical antiinflammatory medication on medical record checks.

    Outcome analyses: risk (survival analysis) of any eczema age 0-3 years and current eczema (yes/no) by age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  10. Allergic rhinitis age 0-3 years

    Based on parental reports of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis.

    Outcome analyses: allergic rhinitis (yes/no) by age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  11. Food allergy 0-3 years

    Parental reports of physician-diagnosed food allergy.

    Outcome analyses: any food allergy (yes/no) by age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  12. Lower respiratory tract infections age 0-3 years

    Parental reports of physician-diagnosed bronchiolitis or pneumonia.

    Outcome analysis: risk (survival analysis) of first lower respiratory tract infection and total no. of lower respiratory tract infections age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  13. Gastrointestinal infections age 0-3 years

    Parental reports.

    Outcome analyses: risk (survival analysis) of any gastroenteritis episode and total no. of gastroenteritis episodes age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  14. Croup age 0-3 years

    Parental reports of physician diagnosed croup.

    Outcome analysis: risk (survival analysis) of any croup episode and total no. of croup episodes age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  15. Fever episodes age 0-3 years

    Based on parental reports.

    Outcome analyses: total no. of episodes with symptoms age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  16. Absences from daycare age 0-3 years

    Due to illnesses based on parental reports.

    Outcome analyses: total no. of absence days age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  17. Bone fractures age 0-3 years

    Assessed by medical record checks including all radiologically verified fractures of larger long bones (i.e. clavicle, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, femur and humerus).

    Outcome analyses: total no. of fractures age 0-3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  18. Developmental milestones age 0-3 years

    Monitored every 6 months until age 3 years by the parents using a registration form based on The Denver Development Index and WHO milestones registration.

    Outcome analyses: combined assessment of age at achievement across milestones by principal component analysis.

    Measured: 3 years

  19. Strength and difficulties at age 3 years

    From the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which is a brief behavioral screening questionnaire.

    Outcome analyses: SDQ scores at age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  20. ADHD symptoms at age 3 years

    From the ADHD rating scale-IV preschool, a dimensional questionnaire for ADHD symptoms in preschool children.

    Outcome analyses: ADHD symptom scores at age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  21. Social behavior assessment at age 3 years

    From the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition; a questionnaire for screening for autistic traits:

    Outcome analyses: Total problem scores at age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  22. Psychopathology screening at age 3 years

    From the Child Behavior Check List 1,5-5 years; a questionnaire for general screening of preschool psychopathology.

    Outcome analyses: Total syndrome scales at age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  23. Cognitive assessment age 0-3 years

    From Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in preschool children; a measurement of executive functions.

    Outcome analyses: Index values at age 3 years.

    Measured: 3 years

  24. BMI and waist circumference age 0-3 years

    From parental reports every 6 months.

    Outcome analyses: development of BMI and waist circumference age 0-3 years and current BMI and waist circumference at age 3.

    Measured: 3 years

  25. Persistent wheeze or asthma age 0-6 years

    Defined similarly to the primary outcome

    Outcome analysis: risk (survival analysis) of persistent wheeze or asthma at age 0-6 years

    Measured: 6 years

  26. Current asthma at age 6 years

    Defined similarly to the primary outcome and with symptoms and/or asthma medication use in the last 12 months at age 6.

    Outcome analyses: Current wheeze or asthma (yes/no) by age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  27. Asthma or wheeze yearly prevalence 0-6 years

    Defined as in the primary outcome and current disease defined from parental reports of wheeze and/or asthma medication use.

    Outcome analyses: Yearly prevalence of wheeze or asthma medication use (yes/no) 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  28. Atopic/non-atopic asthma at age 6 years

    Parental reports of physician diagnosed asthma in combination with eczema and/or allergic rhinitis.

    Outcome analyses: Current asthma with/without eczema and/or allergic rhinitis (yes/no) by age 6 years. Each subtype is compared with children without asthma.

    Measured: 6 years

  29. Asthma controller medication 0-6 years

    From redeemed medication prescriptions (inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers) based on medical record checks:

    Outcome analyses: total no. of prescriptions age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  30. Inhaled bronchodilators age 0-6 years

    From redeemed inhaled bronchodilators based on medical record checks.

    Outcome analyses: total no. of prescriptions age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  31. Asthma hospitalizations or emergency department visits age 0-6 years

    Based on medical record checks.

    Outcome analyses: total no. of episodes age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  32. Eczema age 0-6 years

    Based on parental reports of physician diagnosed eczema.

    Outcome analyses: risk (survival analysis) of any eczema age 0-6 years and current eczema (yes/no) by age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  33. Allergic rhinitis age 0-6 years

    Based on parental reports of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis and on medical record checks.

    Outcome analyses: allergic rhinitis (yes/no) by age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  34. Food allergy age 0-6 years

    Based on parental reports of physician-diagnosed food allergy.

    Outcome analyses: any food allergy (yes/no) by age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  35. Lower respiratory tract infections age 0-6 years

    Based on parental reports of physician-diagnosed bronchiolitis or pneumonia.

    Outcome analysis: risk (survival analysis) of first lower respiratory tract infection and total no. of lower respiratory tract infections age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  36. Gastrointestinal infections age 0-6 years

    Based on parental reports.

    Outcome analyses: risk (survival analysis) of any gastroenteritis episode and total no. of gastroenteritis episodes age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  37. Croup age 0-6 years

    Based on parental reports of physician diagnosed croup.

    Outcome analysis: risk (survival analysis) of any croup episode and total no. of croup episodes age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  38. Bone fractures age 0-6 years

    Assessed by medical record checks including all radiologically verified fractures of larger long bones (i.e. clavicle, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, femur and humerus).

    Outcome analyses: total no. of fractures age 0-6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  39. Strength and difficulties at age 6 years

    From the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which is a brief behavioral screening questionnaire.

    Outcome analyses: SDQ scores at age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  40. ADHD symptoms at age 6 years

    From the ADHD rating scale-IV preschool, a dimensional questionnaire for ADHD symptoms in preschool children.

    Outcome analyses: ADHD symptom scores at age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  41. Social behavior assessment at age 6 years

    From the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition; a questionnaire for screening for autistic traits.

    Outcome analyses: Total problem scores at age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  42. Psychopathology screening at age 6 years

    From the Child Behavior Check List; a questionnaire for general screening of preschool psychopathology.

    Outcome analyses: Total syndrome scales at age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  43. Cognitive assessment age 0-6 years

    From Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function in preschool children; a measurement of executive functions.

    Outcome analyses: Index values at age 6 years.

    Measured: 6 years

  44. BMI and waist circumference age 0-6 years

    From parental reports every 6 months.

    Outcome analyses: development of BMI and waist circumference age 0-6 years and current BMI and waist circumference at age 6.

    Measured: 6 years

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted19 Aug 2024
  2. Study start20 Dec 2024
  3. Primary completionOct 2026 (estimated)
  4. Study completionMar 2033 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase 3
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
Quadruple blind
Who is masked
Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment
2,000 participants (estimated)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT06560255
Sponsor's protocol ID
H-23055833-F
Acronym
FREYA
Status last verified
Sep 2025
First submitted
15 Aug 2024
Last updated
30 Sep 2025
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Brustad N, Vahman N, Ralfkiaer U, Mikkelsen M, Brandt S, Kyvsgaard JN, Vinding R, Stokholm J, Chawes B, Bonnelykke K. Fish oil and vitamin D in pregnancy for the prevention of early childhood asthma: study protocol for two double-blinded, randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2024 Dec 31;14(12):e092902. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092902.

    PubMed 39740942

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A Phase 3 study testing n-3 fatty acid and Rape seed oil in people with Asthma and Respiratory Tract Infections, run by Professor Klaus Bønnelykke at 1 site in Denmark.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Sep 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Denmark. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

What does this phase mean?

Phase 3 studies compare the treatment with the current standard treatment or a placebo in a large group, to confirm how well it works and watch for side effects.

Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Klaus Bønnelykke, PhD (+45 38677360, kb@copsac.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Early childhood asthma/persistent wheeze age 0-3 years (time frame: 3 years). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06560255, which also lists 1 linked publication.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Sep 2025.

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