Pharmacopuncture Therapy for Chronic Knee Pain

Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The VAS is a 100mm horizontal line with "no pain" at the left end (score 0) and "worst imaginable pain" at the right end (score 100). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.

Passive ROM will be measured before and after treatment to evaluate changes before and after treatment. Passive ROM is evaluated by measuring the angle between the subject's lower extremity and an imaginary line drawn vertically from the ground at the maximum range of motion of the subject's knee joint in flexion, extension, left lateral flexion, and right lateral flexion. If measurement is not possible due to pain, it will be recorded as UC.

K-WOMAC (Korean version of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) was used to evaluate knee-related disability. It consists of 24 items across three subscales: Pain (5 items), Stiffness (2 items), and Physical Function (17 items). Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe, 4=extreme). The total score is calculated by summing the scores of all 24 items, ranging from 0 to 96. Higher scores indicate greater severity of symptoms and functional disability.

SF-12 v2 (Short Form-12 Health Survey version 2) was used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It consists of 12 items covering 8 domains. Individual item scores are transformed and weighted to produce two summary scores: the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS). The scores are norm-based, ranging from 0 to 100, where 50 represents the average score of the general population. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. In this study, the [PCS 또는 MCS 또는 Total score] at Week 4 is reported.

The EQ-5D-5L (EuroQol-5 Dimension 5-Level) was used to assess health-related quality of life. It consists of five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels of severity. The responses were converted into a single index score using the South Korean value set. The EQ-5D-5L index scores range from -0.066 to 1.0, where 1.0 represents 'perfect health' and 0 represents 'death' (scores less than 0 represent states worse than death). A higher score indicates a better health-related quality of life.

Patient global impression of change (PGIC) is a method that allows patients to subjectively evaluate the degree of improvement in 7 levels: 1, Very Much Improved; 2, Much Improved; 3, Minimally Improved; 4, No Change; 5, Minimally Worse; 6, Much Worse; or 7, Very Much Worse.

To evaluate participants' expectations of treatment, a 9-point Likert scale is used.

At the first visit, participants were asked, "How much do you think herbal acupuncture treatment and physical therapy will relieve your symptoms?" A score will be selected as an answer to the question (1 = not at all, 5 = somewhat, and 9 = very much).

To measure cost items, a separately developed questionnaire was used to measure formal/informal medical costs, non-medical costs, time costs, and productivity loss costs. Formal medical costs are the costs incurred in using the services of medical institutions, while unofficial costs such as purchasing health food and medical equipment are informal medical costs. Costs accompanying the use of medical services, such as transportation costs, patient time costs, and nursing care costs, are non-official costs. Applicable to medical expenses. The cost of productivity loss refers to the cost of economic loss resulting from the inability to participate in labor due to the disease itself or premature death due to the disease. To calculate the cost of productivity loss, a survey will be conducted using WPAI (the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire), which will be converted into costs and used for cost-utility analysis.

To measure cost items, a separately developed questionnaire was used to measure formal/informal medical costs, non-medical costs, time costs, and productivity loss costs. Formal medical costs are the costs incurred in using the services of medical institutions, while unofficial costs such as purchasing health food and medical equipment are informal medical costs. Costs accompanying the use of medical services, such as transportation costs, patient time costs, and nursing care costs, are non-official costs. Applicable to medical expenses. The cost of productivity loss refers to the cost of economic loss resulting from the inability to participate in labor due to the disease itself or premature death due to the disease. To calculate the cost of productivity loss, a survey will be conducted using WPAI (the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire), which will be converted into costs and used for cost-utility analysis.

To measure cost items, a separately developed questionnaire was used to measure formal/informal medical costs, non-medical costs, time costs, and productivity loss costs. Formal medical costs are the costs incurred in using the services of medical institutions, while unofficial costs such as purchasing health food and medical equipment are informal medical costs. Costs accompanying the use of medical services, such as transportation costs, patient time costs, and nursing care costs, are non-official costs. Applicable to medical expenses. The cost of productivity loss refers to the cost of economic loss resulting from the inability to participate in labor due to the disease itself or premature death due to the disease. To calculate the cost of productivity loss, a survey will be conducted using WPAI (the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire), which will be converted into costs and used for cost-utility analysis.