Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour Among Preclinical and Clinical Dental Students

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), oral health problems are still not well controlled globally despite the considerable improvements in oral health measures among populations. This state of oral health might be related to the rapid development of oral diseases following lifestyle changes such as consumption of a sugar-rich diet, lack of water fluoridation, and other socio-environmental factors. The high incidence and prevalence of oral diseases globally qualifies oral health as a serious public health issue. In addition, oral disease treatments are considered to be the fourth most expensive disease treatments in most industrial countries. That makes oral health a huge burden at both the individual and the community level. Oral disease is a worldwide epidemic and has imposed an enormous burden on the health and economy of the whole society. The number of people with untreated oral conditions worldwide increased from 2.5 million in 1990 to 3.5 billion in 2015, with a 64.0% increase in disability-adjusted life years due to oral conditions. Among these conditions, untreated dental caries, severe periodontitis, and missing teeth are the three most common and chronic 3 infectious oral diseases. Fortunately, most oral diseases, especially dental caries and periodontal diseases, are largely preventable through various promotion interventions. Oral health education (OHE) was once considered the most cost-effective intervention.

Oral health is considered an important component of general health that has been shown to influence the quality of life. Oral health may affect the individual's appearance, social functions, and physical and psychological daily activities. Periodontal health is a major component of oral health that concentrates on the prevention of inflammatory diseases in supportive tissue surrounding the teeth. Oral hygiene practice can be defined as any effort performed by the individual to remove supra-gingival biofilm. Studies have shown that poor oral hygiene will lead to gingival inflammation and have established a linear relationship between plaque development and the presence of gingivitis. The development of gingivitis had been linked to the development of periodontitis. Therefore, cleaning the oral cavity is essential because it removes bacterial accumulation and prevents periodontal disease progression. Dental students are the future leaders in oral health care and are expected to be teachers of oral hygiene as well as role models of self-care regimens for their patients as their dental education progresses. In a dental school setting, it is critical to evaluate yearly progress of dental students learning about self-care regimens such as oral health attitudes and behavior.

The Egyptian dental education model defines a strong preclinical-clinical contrast.

Furthermore, it implements discipline-based curricula, in which large-group educational lectures and apprenticeship methods of clinical training are the primary methods of teaching. This sharp transition from the preclinical to the clinical phases of education has profound effects on dental students, as they shift from their function as recipients of theoretical oral hygiene education to becoming contributors and educators themselves in charge of actual patients' oral health.

The Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI), developed by Kawamura, has been frequently used to assess university students' oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours due to its high psychometric properties that associate students' replies with clinical outcomes, including dental caries and periodontal diseases. It consists of twenty questions eliciting dichotomous responses (agree/disagree).

During the last 30 years, the HU-DBI has been used by dental researchers in more than 10 European countries, including Belgium, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. In addition, the HU-DBI has been translated from Japanese into English, Finnish, Chinese, Korean and Arabic for cross-cultural comparisons. The study aims at evaluating the Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour of Preclinical and Clinical Adult Egyptian Dental Students enrolled at the faculty of dentistry, Cairo University using a modified Hiroshima University-Dental Behaviour Inventory (HUDBI) survey.