Respiratory DiseaseINSPIRENCT06344234

Non-invasive Assessment of Inspiratory Effort and Tidal Distension During Non-invasive Ventilation (INSPIRE)

An observational study of Respiratory Disease and Artificial Respiration, run by University of Bari at 1 site in Italy.

Active, not recruiting

Under way, not looking for participants. Everyone needed has enrolled. The study is still running.

Trial summary

The goal of this observational study is to evaluate whether the airway occlusion pressure recorded during a sudden end-expiratory breath-hold (ΔPocc) is correlated with esophageal swing in pressure and the reliability of P0.1, driving pressure, plateau pressure, pressure-muscle index, and diaphragm ultrasound as… Read more about this study

Who is it for?: Ages 18 years and older
Conditions the study is for: Respiratory Disease, Artificial Respiration
What is being tested?: End-inspiratory Maneuvers
How many people: 60 participants
Where: 1 siteItaly
Study dates: 1 Nov 2023to 1 Jun 2026
How long will I take part?: 1 Day
Phase: Observational
Are there results?: Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 18 years and older
All sexes
No healthy volunteers
Adult, Older adult

Study population: All hypoxemic patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio equal or lower than 300, receiving post-extubation noninvasive ventilation via an nose-to-mouth or a full-face mask, will be screened for eligibility.

Who may be able to join

Age greater than or equal to 18 years.
Non-pregnant and non-lactating.
Monitored through esophageal pressure for clinical decision before extubation.
Able to provide written informed consent to participate in the study.

Who cannot join

Patients with severe facial trauma or deformity that precludes the placement of a facemask or esophageal catheter.
Patients with neuromuscular disorders that may impair inspiratory drive and effort.
Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD
Patients with esophageal or tracheal abnormalities that impede esophageal manometry.
Patients with a known hypersensitivity or allergy to any of the materials used in the study.
Excessive air leak (difference between inspiratory and expiratory tidal volume major or equal to 30% [prot. n 1136947]).

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Italy1 site

Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria consorziale policlinico di Bari
Bari, Bari, 70124

Other trials in Italy

About this study

Official title: Noninvasive Assessment of Inspiratory Effort and Tidal Distension During Noninvasive Ventilation. The INSPIRE Study.

The main questions this trial aims to answer are:

Primary Outcome: whether the airway occlusion pressure recorded during a sudden end-expiratory breath-hold (ΔPocc) is correlated with esophageal swing in pressure and the reliability of various noninvasive estimates of inspiratory effort and lung distension in hypoxemic patients undergoing NIV.

Secondary outcomes will include:

Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔP, PMI and ΔPes
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and PaO2/FiO2 ratio
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and tidal volume
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and DTF%
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and Ex/DTF%
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and respiratory rate, VAS dyspnea and VAS discomfort.

Participants will undergo the following tasks and treatments:

Complete written informed consent before enrollment.
Post-extubation noninvasive ventilation via nose-to-mouth and full-face masks.
Monitoring of esophageal pressure (in all patients the catheter will be placed before extubation, according to clinical judgment, and its correct position will be verified through a positive pressure occlusion test)
Continuous recording of airway pressure, flow, and esophageal pressure (Pes), using a dedicated pneumotachograph and pressure transducer.
Sudden end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusion maneuvers, to measure plateau pressure (Pplat) and end-expiratory airway occlusion pressure (ΔPocc), respectively.
Collection of hemodynamic and arterial blood-gas parameters, performed according to clinical judgment, along with assessments of dyspnea and discomfort using a modified visual analogue scale (VAS).
Diaphragm ultrasound during occlusion maneuvers, measuring diaphragm displacement, diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF%), and diaphragmatic excursion (Ex) under various conditions.

Conditions: Respiratory Disease, Artificial Respiration
Being tested: End-inspiratory Maneuvers
Keywords: noninvasive ventilation, respiration, artificial, Ventilators, Mechanical, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
Medical subject headings: Respiration Disorders, Respiratory Aspiration

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

End-inspiratory ManeuversDiagnostic test
Also called End-Expiratory Occlusion Maneuvers, Esophageal pressure monitoring, Diaphragmatic ultrasounds
Airway pressure, flow, and esophageal pressure will be continuously recorded in all patients using a dedicated pneumotachograph and pressure transducer: all signals will be acquired and stored. Once a stable ventilation pattern is observed NIV will be administered by setting ventilator in invasive-pressure support ventilation. PEEP and PS-level will by kept constant while expiratory trigger will be adjusted to optimize patient-ventilatory synchrony. Immediately after, sudden end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusion maneuvers will be performed to measure plateau pressure and end-expiratory airway occlusion pressure (ΔPocc), respectively. Invasive PSV will be used only to perform the occlusion maneuvers, subsequently, PSV will be delivered in non-invasive PSV mode. Patient's blood-gas parameters and vital signs will be collected, including discomfort assessment. During the occlusion maneuvers, diaphragm ultrasound will be performed, and images will be recorded.

Study groups in NCT06344234
Study group	Role	What they receive
Cohort (n=60)		All hypoxemic patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio equal or lower than 300, receiving post-extubation noninvasive ventilation. Participants will undergo the following tasks and treatments: * Complete written informed consent before enrollment. * Post-extubation noninvasive ventilation via nose-to-mouth and full-face masks. * Monitoring of esophageal pressure * Continuous recording of airway pressure, flow, and esophageal pressure (Pes), using a dedicated pneumotachograph and pressure transducer. * Sudden end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusion maneuvers. * Collection of hemodynamic and arterial blood-gas parameters, performed according to clinical judgment, along with assessments of dyspnea and discomfort using a modified visual analogue scale (VAS). * Diaphragm ultrasound during occlusion maneuvers, measuring diaphragm displacement, diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF%), and diaphragmatic excursion (Ex) under various conditions. Receives: Diagnostic Test: End-inspiratory Maneuvers

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Statistic metric of association between ΔPocc and ΔPes
to evaluate whether the airway occlusion pressure recorded during a sudden end-expiratory breath-hold (ΔPocc) is correlated with esophageal swing in pressure
Measured: 24 hours

Secondary outcomes (6)

Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔP, PMI and ΔPes
Measured: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and PaO2/FiO2 ratio
Measured: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and tidal volume
Measured: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and DTF%
Measured: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and Ex/DTF%
Measured: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and respiratory rate, VAS dyspnea and VAS discomfort
Measured: 24 hours

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

1 Nov 20231 Jun 2026

First posted3 Apr 2024
Study start1 Nov 2023
Primary completion1 May 2026 (estimated)
Study completion1 Jun 2026 (estimated)

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (24)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Respiratory DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Observational
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Enrolment: 60 participants (actual)
Target duration: 1 Day

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06344234
Sponsor's protocol ID: 0049191
Acronym: INSPIRE
Status last verified: Nov 2025
First submitted: 27 Mar 2024
Last updated: 12 Jan 2026
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: Yes
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No

Publications

Grieco DL, Menga LS, Cesarano M, Rosa T, Spadaro S, Bitondo MM, Montomoli J, Falo G, Tonetti T, Cutuli SL, Pintaudi G, Tanzarella ES, Piervincenzi E, Bongiovanni F, Dell'Anna AM, Delle Cese L, Berardi C, Carelli S, Bocci MG, Montini L, Bello G, Natalini D, De Pascale G, Velardo M, Volta CA, Ranieri VM, Conti G, Maggiore SM, Antonelli M; COVID-ICU Gemelli Study Group. Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 May 4;325(17):1731-1743. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.4682.
PubMed 33764378
Grasselli G, Calfee CS, Camporota L, Poole D, Amato MBP, Antonelli M, Arabi YM, Baroncelli F, Beitler JR, Bellani G, Bellingan G, Blackwood B, Bos LDJ, Brochard L, Brodie D, Burns KEA, Combes A, D'Arrigo S, De Backer D, Demoule A, Einav S, Fan E, Ferguson ND, Frat JP, Gattinoni L, Guerin C, Herridge MS, Hodgson C, Hough CL, Jaber S, Juffermans NP, Karagiannidis C, Kesecioglu J, Kwizera A, Laffey JG, Mancebo J, Matthay MA, McAuley DF, Mercat A, Meyer NJ, Moss M, Munshi L, Myatra SN, Ng Gong M, Papazian L, Patel BK, Pellegrini M, Perner A, Pesenti A, Piquilloud L, Qiu H, Ranieri MV, Riviello E, Slutsky AS, Stapleton RD, Summers C, Thompson TB, Valente Barbas CS, Villar J, Ware LB, Weiss B, Zampieri FG, Azoulay E, Cecconi M; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Taskforce on ARDS. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Med. 2023 Jul;49(7):727-759. doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7. Epub 2023 Jun 16.
PubMed 37326646
Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Madotto F, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, Bumbasirevic V, Piquilloud L, van Haren F, Larsson A, McAuley DF, Bauer PR, Arabi YM, Ranieri M, Antonelli M, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Wrigge H, Slutsky AS, Pesenti A; LUNG SAFE Investigators; ESICM Trials Group. Noninvasive Ventilation of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Jan 1;195(1):67-77. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201606-1306OC.
PubMed 27753501
Menga LS, Cese LD, Bongiovanni F, Lombardi G, Michi T, Luciani F, Cicetti M, Timpano J, Ferrante MC, Cesarano M, Anzellotti GM, Rosa T, Natalini D, Tanzarella ES, Cutuli SL, Pintaudi G, De Pascale G, Dell'Anna AM, Bello G, Pennisi MA, Maggiore SM, Maviglia R, Grieco DL, Antonelli M. High Failure Rate of Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies in Critically Ill Subjects With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Due to COVID-19. Respir Care. 2021 May;66(5):705-714. doi: 10.4187/respcare.08622. Epub 2021 Mar 2.
PubMed 33653913
Grieco DL, Menga LS, Eleuteri D, Antonelli M. Patient self-inflicted lung injury: implications for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS patients on non-invasive support. Minerva Anestesiol. 2019 Sep;85(9):1014-1023. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13418-9. Epub 2019 Mar 12.
PubMed 30871304
Chi Y, Zhao Z, Frerichs I, Long Y, He H. Prevalence and prognosis of respiratory pendelluft phenomenon in mechanically ventilated ICU patients with acute respiratory failure: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2022 Mar 5;12(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13613-022-00995-w.
PubMed 35246748
Goligher EC, Jonkman AH, Dianti J, Vaporidi K, Beitler JR, Patel BK, Yoshida T, Jaber S, Dres M, Mauri T, Bellani G, Demoule A, Brochard L, Heunks L. Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Dec;46(12):2314-2326. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06288-9. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
PubMed 33140181
Spinelli E, Mauri T, Beitler JR, Pesenti A, Brodie D. Respiratory drive in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology, monitoring, and therapeutic interventions. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Apr;46(4):606-618. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05942-6. Epub 2020 Feb 3.
PubMed 32016537
Tonelli R, Fantini R, Tabbi L, Castaniere I, Pisani L, Pellegrino MR, Della Casa G, D'Amico R, Girardis M, Nava S, Clini EM, Marchioni A. Early Inspiratory Effort Assessment by Esophageal Manometry Predicts Noninvasive Ventilation Outcome in De Novo Respiratory Failure. A Pilot Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Aug 15;202(4):558-567. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201912-2512OC.
PubMed 32325004
Menga LS, Delle Cese L, Rosa T, Cesarano M, Scarascia R, Michi T, Biasucci DG, Ruggiero E, Dell'Anna AM, Cutuli SL, Tanzarella ES, Pintaudi G, De Pascale G, Sandroni C, Maggiore SM, Grieco DL, Antonelli M. Respective Effects of Helmet Pressure Support, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, and Nasal High-Flow in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 May 15;207(10):1310-1323. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0629OC.
PubMed 36378814
Yoshida T, Grieco DL, Brochard L, Fujino Y. Patient self-inflicted lung injury and positive end-expiratory pressure for safe spontaneous breathing. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020 Feb;26(1):59-65. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000691.
PubMed 31815775
Bertoni M, Spadaro S, Goligher EC. Monitoring Patient Respiratory Effort During Mechanical Ventilation: Lung and Diaphragm-Protective Ventilation. Crit Care. 2020 Mar 24;24(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2777-y.
PubMed 32204729
Bertoni M, Telias I, Urner M, Long M, Del Sorbo L, Fan E, Sinderby C, Beck J, Liu L, Qiu H, Wong J, Slutsky AS, Ferguson ND, Brochard LJ, Goligher EC. A novel non-invasive method to detect excessively high respiratory effort and dynamic transpulmonary driving pressure during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care. 2019 Nov 6;23(1):346. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2617-0.
PubMed 31694692
Mojoli F, Torriglia F, Orlando A, Bianchi I, Arisi E, Pozzi M. Technical aspects of bedside respiratory monitoring of transpulmonary pressure. Ann Transl Med. 2018 Oct;6(19):377. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.08.37.
PubMed 30460251
Dianti J, Bertoni M, Goligher EC. Monitoring patient-ventilator interaction by an end-expiratory occlusion maneuver. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Dec;46(12):2338-2341. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06167-3. Epub 2020 Jul 4. No abstract available.
PubMed 32623476

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

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Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Noninvasive Assessment of Inspiratory Effort and Tidal Distension During Noninvasive Ventilation. The INSPIRE Study.
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06344234
Acronym / sponsor ID: INSPIRE / 0049191
Conditions: Respiratory Disease, Artificial Respiration
Keywords: noninvasive ventilation, respiration, artificial, Ventilators, Mechanical, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
Study type: Observational
Recruitment status: Active, not recruiting
Enrolment: 60 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: University of BariUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 1 Nov 2023 (actual)
Primary completion: 1 May 2026 (estimated)
Study completion: 1 Jun 2026 (estimated)
First posted: 3 Apr 2024 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

The main questions this trial aims to answer are:

Primary Outcome: whether the airway occlusion pressure recorded during a sudden end-expiratory breath-hold (ΔPocc) is correlated with esophageal swing in pressure and the reliability of various noninvasive estimates of inspiratory effort and lung distension in hypoxemic patients undergoing NIV.

Secondary outcomes will include:

Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔP, PMI and ΔPes
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and PaO2/FiO2 ratio
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and tidal volume
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and DTF%
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and Ex/DTF%
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and respiratory rate, VAS dyspnea and VAS discomfort.

Participants will undergo the following tasks and treatments:

Complete written informed consent before enrollment.
Post-extubation noninvasive ventilation via nose-to-mouth and full-face masks.
Monitoring of esophageal pressure (in all patients the catheter will be placed before extubation, according to clinical judgment, and its correct position will be verified through a positive pressure occlusion test)
Continuous recording of airway pressure, flow, and esophageal pressure (Pes), using a dedicated pneumotachograph and pressure transducer.
Sudden end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusion maneuvers, to measure plateau pressure (Pplat) and end-expiratory airway occlusion pressure (ΔPocc), respectively.
Collection of hemodynamic and arterial blood-gas parameters, performed according to clinical judgment, along with assessments of dyspnea and discomfort using a modified visual analogue scale (VAS).
Diaphragm ultrasound during occlusion maneuvers, measuring diaphragm displacement, diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF%), and diaphragmatic excursion (Ex) under various conditions.

Study design

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Target follow-up: 1 Day
Number of arms: 1

Arm	Type	Receives
Cohort (n=60)	–	Diagnostic Test: End-inspiratory ManeuversAll hypoxemic patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio equal or lower than 300, receiving post-extubation noninvasive ventilation. Participants will undergo the following tasks and treatments: * Complete written informed consent before enrollment. * Post-extubation noninvasive ventilation via nose-to-mouth and full-face masks. * Monitoring of esophageal pressure * Continuous recording of airway pressure, flow, and esophageal pressure (Pes), using a dedicated pneumotachograph and pressure transducer. * Sudden end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusion maneuvers. * Collection of hemodynamic and arterial blood-gas parameters, performed according to clinical judgment, along with assessments of dyspnea and discomfort using a modified visual analogue scale (VAS). * Diaphragm ultrasound during occlusion maneuvers, measuring diaphragm displacement, diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF%), and diaphragmatic excursion (Ex) under various conditions.

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Not accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult
Study population: All hypoxemic patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio equal or lower than 300, receiving post-extubation noninvasive ventilation via an nose-to-mouth or a full-face mask, will be screened for eligibility.

Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)

Age greater than or equal to 18 years.
Non-pregnant and non-lactating.
Monitored through esophageal pressure for clinical decision before extubation.
Able to provide written informed consent to participate in the study.

Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)

Patients with severe facial trauma or deformity that precludes the placement of a facemask or esophageal catheter.
Patients with neuromuscular disorders that may impair inspiratory drive and effort.
Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD
Patients with esophageal or tracheal abnormalities that impede esophageal manometry.
Patients with a known hypersensitivity or allergy to any of the materials used in the study.

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
End-inspiratory ManeuversAlso: End-Expiratory Occlusion Maneuvers, Esophageal pressure monitoring, Diaphragmatic ultrasoundsAirway pressure, flow, and esophageal pressure will be continuously recorded in all patients using a dedicated pneumotachograph and pressure transducer: all signals will be acquired and stored. Once a stable ventilation pattern is observed NIV will be administered by setting ventilator in invasive-pressure support ventilation. PEEP and PS-level will by kept constant while expiratory trigger will be adjusted to optimize patient-ventilatory synchrony. Immediately after, sudden end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusion maneuvers will be performed to measure plateau pressure and end-expiratory airway occlusion pressure (ΔPocc), respectively. Invasive PSV will be used only to perform the occlusion maneuvers, subsequently, PSV will be delivered in non-invasive PSV mode. Patient's blood-gas parameters and vital signs will be collected, including discomfort assessment. During the occlusion maneuvers, diaphragm ultrasound will be performed, and images will be recorded.	Diagnostic test	Cohort (n=60)

Primary outcome

Statistic metric of association between ΔPocc and ΔPes
Time frame: 24 hours
to evaluate whether the airway occlusion pressure recorded during a sudden end-expiratory breath-hold (ΔPocc) is correlated with esophageal swing in pressure

6 secondary outcomes

Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔP, PMI and ΔPes
Time frame: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and PaO2/FiO2 ratio
Time frame: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and tidal volume
Time frame: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and DTF%
Time frame: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and Ex/DTF%
Time frame: 24 hours
Statistic metric of association between P0.1, ΔPocc, ΔP, PMI and respiratory rate, VAS dyspnea and VAS discomfort
Time frame: 24 hours

Results and safety

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Jan 2026.
Background: PubMed 33764378Grieco DL, Menga LS, Cesarano M, Rosa T, Spadaro S, Bitondo MM, Montomoli J, Falo G, Tonetti T, Cutuli SL, Pintaudi G, Tanzarella ES, Piervincenzi E, Bongiovanni F, Dell'Anna AM, Delle Cese L, Berardi C, Carelli S, Bocci MG, Montini L, Bello G, Natalini D, De Pascale G, Velardo M, Volta CA, Ranieri VM, Conti G, Maggiore SM, Antonelli M; COVID-ICU Gemelli Study Group. Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 May 4;325(17):1731-1743. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.4682.
Background: PubMed 37326646Grasselli G, Calfee CS, Camporota L, Poole D, Amato MBP, Antonelli M, Arabi YM, Baroncelli F, Beitler JR, Bellani G, Bellingan G, Blackwood B, Bos LDJ, Brochard L, Brodie D, Burns KEA, Combes A, D'Arrigo S, De Backer D, Demoule A, Einav S, Fan E, Ferguson ND, Frat JP, Gattinoni L, Guerin C, Herridge MS, Hodgson C, Hough CL, Jaber S, Juffermans NP, Karagiannidis C, Kesecioglu J, Kwizera A, Laffey JG, Mancebo J, Matthay MA, McAuley DF, Mercat A, Meyer NJ, Moss M, Munshi L, Myatra SN, Ng Gong M, Papazian L, Patel BK, Pellegrini M, Perner A, Pesenti A, Piquilloud L, Qiu H, Ranieri MV, Riviello E, Slutsky AS, Stapleton RD, Summers C, Thompson TB, Valente Barbas CS, Villar J, Ware LB, Weiss B, Zampieri FG, Azoulay E, Cecconi M; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Taskforce on ARDS. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Med. 2023 Jul;49(7):727-759. doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7. Epub 2023 Jun 16.
Background: PubMed 27753501Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Madotto F, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, Bumbasirevic V, Piquilloud L, van Haren F, Larsson A, McAuley DF, Bauer PR, Arabi YM, Ranieri M, Antonelli M, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Wrigge H, Slutsky AS, Pesenti A; LUNG SAFE Investigators; ESICM Trials Group. Noninvasive Ventilation of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Jan 1;195(1):67-77. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201606-1306OC.
Background: PubMed 33653913Menga LS, Cese LD, Bongiovanni F, Lombardi G, Michi T, Luciani F, Cicetti M, Timpano J, Ferrante MC, Cesarano M, Anzellotti GM, Rosa T, Natalini D, Tanzarella ES, Cutuli SL, Pintaudi G, De Pascale G, Dell'Anna AM, Bello G, Pennisi MA, Maggiore SM, Maviglia R, Grieco DL, Antonelli M. High Failure Rate of Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies in Critically Ill Subjects With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Due to COVID-19. Respir Care. 2021 May;66(5):705-714. doi: 10.4187/respcare.08622. Epub 2021 Mar 2.
Background: PubMed 30871304Grieco DL, Menga LS, Eleuteri D, Antonelli M. Patient self-inflicted lung injury: implications for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS patients on non-invasive support. Minerva Anestesiol. 2019 Sep;85(9):1014-1023. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13418-9. Epub 2019 Mar 12.
Background: PubMed 35246748Chi Y, Zhao Z, Frerichs I, Long Y, He H. Prevalence and prognosis of respiratory pendelluft phenomenon in mechanically ventilated ICU patients with acute respiratory failure: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2022 Mar 5;12(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13613-022-00995-w.
Background: PubMed 33140181Goligher EC, Jonkman AH, Dianti J, Vaporidi K, Beitler JR, Patel BK, Yoshida T, Jaber S, Dres M, Mauri T, Bellani G, Demoule A, Brochard L, Heunks L. Clinical strategies for implementing lung and diaphragm-protective ventilation: avoiding insufficient and excessive effort. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Dec;46(12):2314-2326. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06288-9. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
Background: PubMed 32016537Spinelli E, Mauri T, Beitler JR, Pesenti A, Brodie D. Respiratory drive in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology, monitoring, and therapeutic interventions. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Apr;46(4):606-618. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05942-6. Epub 2020 Feb 3.
Background: PubMed 32325004Tonelli R, Fantini R, Tabbi L, Castaniere I, Pisani L, Pellegrino MR, Della Casa G, D'Amico R, Girardis M, Nava S, Clini EM, Marchioni A. Early Inspiratory Effort Assessment by Esophageal Manometry Predicts Noninvasive Ventilation Outcome in De Novo Respiratory Failure. A Pilot Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Aug 15;202(4):558-567. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201912-2512OC.
Background: PubMed 36378814Menga LS, Delle Cese L, Rosa T, Cesarano M, Scarascia R, Michi T, Biasucci DG, Ruggiero E, Dell'Anna AM, Cutuli SL, Tanzarella ES, Pintaudi G, De Pascale G, Sandroni C, Maggiore SM, Grieco DL, Antonelli M. Respective Effects of Helmet Pressure Support, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, and Nasal High-Flow in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 May 15;207(10):1310-1323. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0629OC.
Background: PubMed 31815775Yoshida T, Grieco DL, Brochard L, Fujino Y. Patient self-inflicted lung injury and positive end-expiratory pressure for safe spontaneous breathing. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020 Feb;26(1):59-65. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000691.
Background: PubMed 32204729Bertoni M, Spadaro S, Goligher EC. Monitoring Patient Respiratory Effort During Mechanical Ventilation: Lung and Diaphragm-Protective Ventilation. Crit Care. 2020 Mar 24;24(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2777-y.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

Salvatore Grasso, Prof study chair

Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Consorziale Policlinico" Bari

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

An observational study of Respiratory Disease and Artificial Respiration, run by University of Bari at 1 site in Italy.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Italy. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Statistic metric of association between ΔPocc and ΔPes (time frame: 24 hours). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06344234, which also lists 24 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Jan 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 8 Nov 2026.