Assessment and Telerehabilitation of Cognitive and Motor Skills in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities (Tablet Project)

Sustained Attention is a subtest of the Leiter-3 non-verbal cognitive scale. It allows the assessment of visual sustained attention through barrage tasks of increasing complexity within a set time frame. The number of correctly selected target elements are recorded. Raw scores range from 0 to 217, while standardised score range from 0 to 20. Higher scores revealed better performances.

CP is a subtest of the Italian battery for ADHD (BIA). This subtest allows the assessment of visual sustained attention through barrage tasks of increasing complexity. Number of omissions are recorded (ranging from 0 to 54), and then converted in percentile scores. Lower raw scores reveal better performances.

Conner's Parent Rating Scale is a parent report questionnaire about clinical behaviours in children, with a specific focus on ADHD symptoms. Parents have to rate each item administered according to the how often this behaviour is shown by their child in the last month, circling the best option on a 3-point Likert scale. Four indices are then extracted and converted in T scores: oppositional behaviour (scores range 0 to 18), inattention/cognitive problems (scores range 0 to 18), hyperactivity (scores range 0 to 18), ADHD index (scores range 0 to 36). Higher scores reveal clinical behaviour.

Visuo-motor precision is a subtest of the NEPSY II battery, used for the assessment of the ability to follow a narrow path with the pencil in an accurate and quick way. Total execution time and number of errors are recorded and then converted in percentile or standardized scores (ranging from 1 to 19). Higher scores reveal a better performance.

Visuo-motor integration task is a paper and pencil test requiring geometrical figures to be copied, assessing difficulties in integrating or coordinating visual perceptual and motor (finger and hand movement) abilities. The number of figures correctly reproduced is recorded and then converted in standardized scores. Raw scores range from 0 to 27. Higher scores reveal a better performance.

Digit span is a subtest of BVN battery both for 5-11 and for 12-18 versions, allowing the assessment of short term and working memory abilities in the verbal domain though the repetition of a sequence of numbers of increasing length, following the same or a reverse order. The length of the last sequence correctly retrieved is recorded as the span, ranging from 3 to 9 in the forward condition and from 2 to 8 in the backward. Higher span reveals better performance.

Corsi Block Tapping task Is a subtest of the Italian BVS-Corsi battery, assessing short term and working memory abilities in the visuo-spatial domain though the repetition of a sequence (of increasing length) of blocks tapped by examiners, following the same or a reverse order.

The length of the last sequence correctly retrieved is recorded as the span, ranging from 3 to 8 in the forward condition and from 2 to 7 in the backward. Higher span reveals better performance.

Questionnaire administered to parents in order to assess executive functioning in daily life contexts. Parents have to rate each item administered according to the how often this behaviour is shown by their child in the last six months, circling the best option on a 3-point Likert scale. In the BRIEF 2 version, 9 scales are then extracted and converted in T scores: inhibition (ranging 8-24), self-monitoring (ranging 4-12), shift (ranging 8-24), emotional regulation (ranging 8-24), initiate (ranging 5-15), working memory (ranging 8-24), plan/organize (ranging 8-24), task monitoring (ranging 5-15), material organization (ranging 6-18); in the BRIEF P version, 5 scales are then extracted and converted in T scores: inhibition (ranging 16-48), shift (ranging 10-30), emotional regulation (ranging 10-30), working memory (ranging 17-51), plan/organize (ranging 10-30). Composite scores could be also calculated. Higher scores reveal clinical behaviours.

Route finding is a subtest of the NEPSY II battery, assessing the ability to use a small schematic map to locate a target on a larger schematic map, therefore orienting in visuo-spatial coordinates. Raw scores range from 0 to 10, and then percentile scores are extracted. Higher scores reveal a better performance.

Arrow subtest of the NEPSY II battery, assess the ability to judge lines orientation, considering and estimating direction, in distance, orientation and angularity. Raw scores range from 0 to 38, and then percentile scores are extracted. Higher scores reveal a better performance.

The GMFM-88 assess gross motor function in children between 5 months to 16 years of age according to five dimensions: (i) Lying and Rolling, (ii) Sitting, (iii) Crawling and Kneeling, (iv) Standing, and (v) Walking, Running and Jumping. There is a four-point ordinal scoring system for each GMFM item. Then, the item scores can be summed in order to calculate raw and percentage scores for each of the five dimensions, the selected target areas, and the total GMFM-88 score. The higher the score, the better the gross motor skills.

This assessment measures the assisting hand performance in children with unilateral upper limb disabilities, during bimanual performances. It can be used for children aged between 18 months and 18 years, with playful session made of semi-structured activities calibrated on the different ages (different board games). Is a standardized criterion-referenced test and the sum of scores may vary between 20 and 80, where a higher score indicates a higher ability level; the scaled score ranges between 0 and 100 and is a transformation of the sum score to a percentage distribuition within the scale, where 100 indicates that all test items were performed with the highest scores, and 0 means that all test items were performed with the lowest points.

This assessment measures both hands performance in children with bilateral cerebral palsy, during bimanual performances. It can be used for children aged between 18 months and 12 years, with playful session made of semi-structured activities calibrated on the different ages (different board games). Is a standardized criterion-referenced test and the sum of scores may vary between 20 and 80, where a higher score indicates a higher ability level; the scaled score ranges between 0 and 100 and is a transformation of the sum score to a percentage distribuition within the scale, where 100 indicates that all test items were performed with the highest scores, and 0 means that all test items were performed with the lowest points.

It is a valid and reliable criterion-referenced test that measures unilateral upper extremity quality of movement in children, aged 2.5 to 15 years, with neurological impairments according four elements: (i) Range of movement, (ii) Accuracy of reach and placement, (iii) Dexterity of grasp, release and manipulation and (iv) Fluency of movement. Scoring is completed across the 30 score items using a three-, four- or five-point scale and individually defined scoring criteria. Item scores relating to each element of movement measured are summed within the corresponding sub-scale. A child's final score on the MA2 is reported as four separate scores, one for each element of movement quality measured. A higher score indicates a higher upper limb ability investigated.

This questionnaire measures the manual abilities of children with CP (6-15 years old), with a particular reference to the independence in achieving some goals of everyday life, exploring if some activities are easily performed, if they present some difficulties or if they are impossible. It can be answered by parents or children and it requires 10 minutes.

It measures unilateral gross manual dexterity. It is a quick, simple and inexpensive test. It can be used with a wide range of populations from childhood to adults. The score is given by the number of blocks carried from one compartment to the other in one minute. Higher scores on the test indicate better gross manual dexterity. The two hands will be both tested starting from the dominant one.

The MD-CRS R is a standardized and validated, child-oriented rating scale aimed at describing and assessing movement disorders in children and adolescents aged 4-18 years, and their influence on activities of daily living or motor function in different regions of the body at rest and while performing specific tasks. All items are rated on a five-point ordinal scale (0-4), in which the lowest score means better performance.

The 6MWT assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity. it can be used in preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years) adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a wide range of diagnoses including. An increase in the distance walked during 6 minute indicates improvement in basic mobility.

It is a functional assessment tool of dynamic balance evaluated in one simple task in standing position. It measures the maximum distance an individual can reach with an anterior shift with a fixed base of support. Scores are determined by assessing the difference between the start and end position is the reach distance (measured in inches or cm). Greater value (distance) = better balance and decreased falls risk. Three trials are done and average of last two noted

The PBS is a modified version of the Berg Balance Scale that is used to assess functional balance skills in school-aged children with mild to moderate motor impairments. The scale consists of 14 items criterion-references that are scored from 0 points (lowest function) to 4 points (highest function) with a maximum score of 56 points.

The TUG test assesses mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk. It is a functional dynamic balance test which measures the time it takes for the patient to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down.