Autoimmune GastritisNCT06272500
Safety and Efficacy Study of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Hypergastrinemia in Patients With Autoimmune Gastritis
A study testing oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride in people with Autoimmune Gastritis, run by Jianning Yao at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that primarily affects the gastric body and fundus while sparing the antrum. Its characteristics include destruction of gastric wall cells, loss of intrinsic factors, and atrophy of the gastric mucosa. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any age
- Conditions the study is for
- Autoimmune Gastritis
- What is being tested?
- oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2024to 30 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- 1) Patients diagnosed with autoimmune atrophic gastritis at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, using the diagnostic criteria from the "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Gastritis in China (2022, Shanghai)" for the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis, combined with serum gastrin, PCA, or IFA for the diagnosis of autoimmune atrophic gastritis.
- 2) Patients who have signed the informed consent form for the clinical trial.
Who cannot join
- 1) Patients with Betaine hydrochloride allergies. 2) Patients with gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or cholelithiasis, as the administration of acid agents may worsen the condition or cause discomfort.
- 3) Patients with gastrinomas or other conditions that can cause elevated gastrin levels, apart from autoimmune atrophic gastritis.
- 4) Patients who are unable to provide informed consent or sign the informed consent form.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
China1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
Zhengzhou, Henan, 436400
JianNing Yao, Dr.
About this study
Official title: Safety and Efficacy Study of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Hypergastrinemia in Patients With Autoimmune Gastritis.
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that primarily affects the gastric body and fundus while sparing the antrum. Its characteristics include destruction of gastric wall cells, loss of intrinsic factors, and atrophy of the gastric mucosa. Endoscopic examination reveals features of reverse atrophy, with significant atrophy in the gastric body and fundus, appearing as a mosaic of red and white patches. Currently, AAG is believed to result from a pathological CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune response against the gastric H+/K+-ATPase. CD4+ T lymphocytes target the parietal cells' H+/K+-ATPase, stimulating plasma cells to secrete autoantibodies, including parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA). The former plays a key role in parietal cell destruction and glandular atrophy. AAG is considered a premalignant condition, with the potential development of gastric dysplasia, cancer, and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 g-NET).
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (g-NETs), also known as gastric carcinoids, account for approximately 23% of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clinically, g-NETs are mainly classified into three types. Type III is typically sporadic tumors associated with normal gastrin levels and poor prognosis. Although type 1 g-NETs caused by AAG are usually well-differentiated, studies have reported that 8%-23% of type 1 g-NETs extending into the deep submucosal layer may metastasize to regional lymph nodes or even to the liver. Furthermore, 3% of patients may develop neuroendocrine carcinoma, highlighting the need for appropriate attention.
Due to the destruction of gastric glands (including parietal and chief cells) in AAG patients, there is a deficiency in intrinsic factor, gastric acid, and a decrease in pepsinogen I (PG-I) levels. Insufficient gastric acid secretion leads to a compensatory increase in gastrin secretion by G cells in the gastric antrum, which acts on receptors present in enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) in the gastric body and fundus, promoting ECL cell proliferation. Prolonged stimulation by hypergastrinemia can result in the development of ECL cell tumors, namely type 1 g-NETs. Considering the close association between type 1 g-NETs and AAG, primarily related to hypergastrinemia resulting from reduced gastric acid secretion, it is hypothesized that supplementation with gastric acid could provide negative feedback regulation of gastrin, reducing the risk of type 1 g-NET development in AAG patients. This study aims to investigate the impact of Betaine hydrochloride(BHCL) on gastrin levels in AAG patients, thus exploring a simple and cost-effective method to reduce the risk of type 1 g-NETs in AAG patients.
Read the detailed description
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that primarily affects the gastric body and fundus while sparing the antrum. Its characteristics include destruction of gastric wall cells, loss of intrinsic factors, and atrophy of the gastric mucosa. Endoscopic examination reveals features of reverse atrophy, with significant atrophy in the gastric body and fundus, appearing as a mosaic of red and white patches, predominantly white, with flattened and partially disappearing folds and visible blood vessels. Currently, AAG is believed to result from a pathological CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune response against the gastric H+/K+-ATPase. CD4+ T lymphocytes target the parietal cells' H+/K+-ATPase, stimulating plasma cells to secrete autoantibodies, including parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA). The former plays a key role in parietal cell destruction and glandular atrophy, while the latter is the main mechanism underlying vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia. AAG is considered a premalignant condition, with the potential development of gastric dysplasia, cancer, and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 g-NET).
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (g-NETs), also known as gastric carcinoids, account for approximately 23% of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clinically, g-NETs are mainly classified into three types. Type I and type II are associated with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis[9] and gastrinoma-related Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) leading to hypergastrinemia, while type III is typically sporadic tumors associated with normal gastrin levels and poor prognosis. Although type 1 g-NETs caused by AAG are usually well-differentiated, studies have reported that 8%-23% of type 1 g-NETs extending into the deep submucosal layer may metastasize to regional lymph nodes or even to the liver. Furthermore, 3% of patients may develop neuroendocrine carcinoma, highlighting the need for appropriate attention.
Due to the destruction of gastric glands (including parietal and chief cells) in AAG patients, there is a deficiency in intrinsic factor, gastric acid, and a decrease in pepsinogen I (PG-I) levels. Insufficient gastric acid secretion leads to a compensatory increase in gastrin secretion by G cells in the gastric antrum, which acts on receptors present in enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) in the gastric body and fundus, promoting ECL cell proliferation. Prolonged stimulation by hypergastrinemia can result in the development of ECL cell tumors, namely type 1 g-NETs. Considering the close association between type 1 g-NETs and AAG, primarily related to hypergastrinemia resulting from reduced gastric acid secretion, it is hypothesized that supplementation with gastric acid could provide negative feedback regulation of gastrin, reducing the risk of type 1 g-NET development in AAG patients. This study aims to investigate the impact of Betaine hydrochloride(BHCL) on gastrin levels in AAG patients, thus exploring a simple and cost-effective method to reduce the risk of type 1 g-NETs in AAG patients.
- Conditions
- Autoimmune Gastritis
- Being tested
- oral administration of receives only oral administration of placebo, oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
oral administration of receives only oral administration of placeboOther
receives oral administration of placebo, with two capsules before each meal.
oral administration of Betaine hydrochlorideDietary supplement
receives oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride(BHCL), with two capsules before each meal.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| placebo group | Placebo comparator | receives oral administration of placebo, with two capsules before each meal. Receives: Other: oral administration of receives only oral administration of placebo |
| Betaine HCl Group | Experimental | receives oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride（BHCL), with two capsules before each meal. Receives: Dietary Supplement: oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
The difference in serum gastrin (1 month)
Comparison of the difference in serum gastrin before and after the trial within each group.
Measured: 1month
Secondary outcomes (2)
the adverse reaction rates
Adverse reaction rate = Number of patients with adverse reactions in each group / Number of patients examined in each group.
Measured: 3 months
The difference in serum gastrin (3 month)
Comparison of the difference in serum gastrin before and after the trial within each
Measured: 3 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Feb 2024
- Study start1 Jan 2024
- Primary completion30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (15)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Autoimmune GastritisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Jianning Yao
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Jianning Yao, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Investigators
- Jianning Yao, Dr., Study chair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06272500
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2024-KY-0146-001
- Status last verified
- Jun 2026
- First submitted
- 15 Feb 2024
- Last updated
- 16 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Toh BH, Chan J, Kyaw T, Alderuccio F. Cutting edge issues in autoimmune gastritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012 Jun;42(3):269-78. doi: 10.1007/s12016-010-8218-y.
PubMed 21174235Anagnostopoulos GK, Ragunath K, Shonde A, Hawkey CJ, Yao K. Diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis by high resolution magnification endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 28;12(28):4586-7. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i28.4586.
PubMed 16874879Martinelli TM, van Driel IR, Alderuccio F, Gleeson PA, Toh BH. Analysis of mononuclear cell infiltrate and cytokine production in murine autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology. 1996 Jun;110(6):1791-802. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8964405.
PubMed 8964405Rustgi SD, Bijlani P, Shah SC. Autoimmune gastritis, with or without pernicious anemia: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical management. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2021 Aug 31;14:17562848211038771. doi: 10.1177/17562848211038771. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34484423Minalyan A, Benhammou JN, Artashesyan A, Lewis MS, Pisegna JR. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis: current perspectives. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb 7;10:19-27. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S109123. eCollection 2017.
PubMed 28223833Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM, De Block C, Hershko C, Di Sabatino A. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Jul 9;6(1):56. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0187-8.
PubMed 32647173Niederle MB, Hackl M, Kaserer K, Niederle B. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: the current incidence and staging based on the WHO and European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society classification: an analysis based on prospectively collected parameters. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010 Oct 5;17(4):909-18. doi: 10.1677/ERC-10-0152. Print 2010 Dec.
PubMed 20702725Delle Fave G, O'Toole D, Sundin A, Taal B, Ferolla P, Ramage JK, Ferone D, Ito T, Weber W, Zheng-Pei Z, De Herder WW, Pascher A, Ruszniewski P; Vienna Consensus Conference participants. ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for Gastroduodenal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103(2):119-24. doi: 10.1159/000443168. Epub 2016 Jan 19. No abstract available.
PubMed 26784901Vannella L, Sbrozzi-Vanni A, Lahner E, Bordi C, Pilozzi E, Corleto VD, Osborn JF, Delle Fave G, Annibale B. Development of type I gastric carcinoid in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Jun;33(12):1361-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04659.x. Epub 2011 Apr 15.
PubMed 21492197Borch K, Ahren B, Ahlman H, Falkmer S, Granerus G, Grimelius L. Gastric carcinoids: biologic behavior and prognosis after differentiated treatment in relation to type. Ann Surg. 2005 Jul;242(1):64-73. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000167862.52309.7d.
PubMed 15973103La Rosa S, Inzani F, Vanoli A, Klersy C, Dainese L, Rindi G, Capella C, Bordi C, Solcia E. Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum Pathol. 2011 Oct;42(10):1373-84. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.01.018. Epub 2011 May 4.
PubMed 21531442Qvigstad G, Falkmer S, Westre B, Waldum HL. Clinical and histopathological tumour progression in ECL cell carcinoids ("ECLomas"). APMIS. 1999 Dec;107(12):1085-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01513.x.
PubMed 10660138Toh BH. Pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Immunol Res. 2017 Feb;65(1):326-330. doi: 10.1007/s12026-016-8841-7.
PubMed 27538411Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Alexandraki KI, Angelousi A, Chatzellis E, Sougioultzis S, Kaltsas G. Gastric Carcinoids. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;47(3):645-660. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2018.04.013. Epub 2018 Jul 11.
PubMed 30098721Basuroy R, Srirajaskanthan R, Prachalias A, Quaglia A, Ramage JK. Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 May;39(10):1071-84. doi: 10.1111/apt.12698. Epub 2014 Mar 13.
PubMed 24628514
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Safety and Efficacy Study of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Hypergastrinemia in Patients With Autoimmune Gastritis.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06272500
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2024-KY-0146-001
- Conditions
- Autoimmune Gastritis
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Jianning YaoUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 22 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that primarily affects the gastric body and fundus while sparing the antrum. Its characteristics include destruction of gastric wall cells, loss of intrinsic factors, and atrophy of the gastric mucosa. Endoscopic examination reveals features of reverse atrophy, with significant atrophy in the gastric body and fundus, appearing as a mosaic of red and white patches. Currently, AAG is believed to result from a pathological CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune response against the gastric H+/K+-ATPase. CD4+ T lymphocytes target the parietal cells' H+/K+-ATPase, stimulating plasma cells to secrete autoantibodies, including parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA). The former plays a key role in parietal cell destruction and glandular atrophy. AAG is considered a premalignant condition, with the potential development of gastric dysplasia, cancer, and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 g-NET).
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (g-NETs), also known as gastric carcinoids, account for approximately 23% of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clinically, g-NETs are mainly classified into three types. Type III is typically sporadic tumors associated with normal gastrin levels and poor prognosis. Although type 1 g-NETs caused by AAG are usually well-differentiated, studies have reported that 8%-23% of type 1 g-NETs extending into the deep submucosal layer may metastasize to regional lymph nodes or even to the liver. Furthermore, 3% of patients may develop neuroendocrine carcinoma, highlighting the need for appropriate attention.
Due to the destruction of gastric glands (including parietal and chief cells) in AAG patients, there is a deficiency in intrinsic factor, gastric acid, and a decrease in pepsinogen I (PG-I) levels. Insufficient gastric acid secretion leads to a compensatory increase in gastrin secretion by G cells in the gastric antrum, which acts on receptors present in enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) in the gastric body and fundus, promoting ECL cell proliferation. Prolonged stimulation by hypergastrinemia can result in the development of ECL cell tumors, namely type 1 g-NETs. Considering the close association between type 1 g-NETs and AAG, primarily related to hypergastrinemia resulting from reduced gastric acid secretion, it is hypothesized that supplementation with gastric acid could provide negative feedback regulation of gastrin, reducing the risk of type 1 g-NET development in AAG patients. This study aims to investigate the impact of Betaine hydrochloride(BHCL) on gastrin levels in AAG patients, thus exploring a simple and cost-effective method to reduce the risk of type 1 g-NETs in AAG patients.
Detailed description
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that primarily affects the gastric body and fundus while sparing the antrum. Its characteristics include destruction of gastric wall cells, loss of intrinsic factors, and atrophy of the gastric mucosa. Endoscopic examination reveals features of reverse atrophy, with significant atrophy in the gastric body and fundus, appearing as a mosaic of red and white patches, predominantly white, with flattened and partially disappearing folds and visible blood vessels. Currently, AAG is believed to result from a pathological CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune response against the gastric H+/K+-ATPase. CD4+ T lymphocytes target the parietal cells' H+/K+-ATPase, stimulating plasma cells to secrete autoantibodies, including parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA). The former plays a key role in parietal cell destruction and glandular atrophy, while the latter is the main mechanism underlying vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia. AAG is considered a premalignant condition, with the potential development of gastric dysplasia, cancer, and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours (type 1 g-NET).
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (g-NETs), also known as gastric carcinoids, account for approximately 23% of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clinically, g-NETs are mainly classified into three types. Type I and type II are associated with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis[9] and gastrinoma-related Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) leading to hypergastrinemia, while type III is typically sporadic tumors associated with normal gastrin levels and poor prognosis. Although type 1 g-NETs caused by AAG are usually well-differentiated, studies have reported that 8%-23% of type 1 g-NETs extending into the deep submucosal layer may metastasize to regional lymph nodes or even to the liver. Furthermore, 3% of patients may develop neuroendocrine carcinoma, highlighting the need for appropriate attention.
Due to the destruction of gastric glands (including parietal and chief cells) in AAG patients, there is a deficiency in intrinsic factor, gastric acid, and a decrease in pepsinogen I (PG-I) levels. Insufficient gastric acid secretion leads to a compensatory increase in gastrin secretion by G cells in the gastric antrum, which acts on receptors present in enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) in the gastric body and fundus, promoting ECL cell proliferation. Prolonged stimulation by hypergastrinemia can result in the development of ECL cell tumors, namely type 1 g-NETs. Considering the close association between type 1 g-NETs and AAG, primarily related to hypergastrinemia resulting from reduced gastric acid secretion, it is hypothesized that supplementation with gastric acid could provide negative feedback regulation of gastrin, reducing the risk of type 1 g-NET development in AAG patients. This study aims to investigate the impact of Betaine hydrochloride(BHCL) on gastrin levels in AAG patients, thus exploring a simple and cost-effective method to reduce the risk of type 1 g-NETs in AAG patients.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| placebo group | Placebo comparator | Other: oral administration of receives only oral administration of placeboreceives oral administration of placebo, with two capsules before each meal. |
| Betaine HCl Group | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: oral administration of Betaine hydrochloridereceives oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride（BHCL), with two capsules before each meal. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- 1) Patients diagnosed with autoimmune atrophic gastritis at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, using the diagnostic criteria from the "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Gastritis in China (2022, Shanghai)" for the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis, combined with serum gastrin, PCA, or IFA for the diagnosis of autoimmune atrophic gastritis.
- 2) Patients who have signed the informed consent form for the clinical trial.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- 1) Patients with Betaine hydrochloride allergies. 2) Patients with gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or cholelithiasis, as the administration of acid agents may worsen the condition or cause discomfort.
- 3) Patients with gastrinomas or other conditions that can cause elevated gastrin levels, apart from autoimmune atrophic gastritis.
- 4) Patients who are unable to provide informed consent or sign the informed consent form.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| oral administration of receives only oral administration of placeboreceives oral administration of placebo, with two capsules before each meal. | Other | placebo group |
| oral administration of Betaine hydrochloridereceives oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride(BHCL), with two capsules before each meal. | Dietary supplement | Betaine HCl Group |
Primary outcome
The difference in serum gastrin (1 month)
Time frame: 1month
Comparison of the difference in serum gastrin before and after the trial within each group.
2 secondary outcomes
the adverse reaction rates
Time frame: 3 months
The difference in serum gastrin (3 month)
Time frame: 3 months
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Jun 2026.
- Background: PubMed 21174235Toh BH, Chan J, Kyaw T, Alderuccio F. Cutting edge issues in autoimmune gastritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012 Jun;42(3):269-78. doi: 10.1007/s12016-010-8218-y.
- Background: PubMed 16874879Anagnostopoulos GK, Ragunath K, Shonde A, Hawkey CJ, Yao K. Diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis by high resolution magnification endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 28;12(28):4586-7. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i28.4586.
- Background: PubMed 8964405Martinelli TM, van Driel IR, Alderuccio F, Gleeson PA, Toh BH. Analysis of mononuclear cell infiltrate and cytokine production in murine autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology. 1996 Jun;110(6):1791-802. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8964405.
- Background: PubMed 34484423Rustgi SD, Bijlani P, Shah SC. Autoimmune gastritis, with or without pernicious anemia: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical management. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2021 Aug 31;14:17562848211038771. doi: 10.1177/17562848211038771. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 28223833Minalyan A, Benhammou JN, Artashesyan A, Lewis MS, Pisegna JR. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis: current perspectives. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb 7;10:19-27. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S109123. eCollection 2017.
- Background: PubMed 32647173Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM, De Block C, Hershko C, Di Sabatino A. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Jul 9;6(1):56. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0187-8.
- Background: PubMed 20702725Niederle MB, Hackl M, Kaserer K, Niederle B. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: the current incidence and staging based on the WHO and European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society classification: an analysis based on prospectively collected parameters. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010 Oct 5;17(4):909-18. doi: 10.1677/ERC-10-0152. Print 2010 Dec.
- Background: PubMed 26784901Delle Fave G, O'Toole D, Sundin A, Taal B, Ferolla P, Ramage JK, Ferone D, Ito T, Weber W, Zheng-Pei Z, De Herder WW, Pascher A, Ruszniewski P; Vienna Consensus Conference participants. ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for Gastroduodenal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103(2):119-24. doi: 10.1159/000443168. Epub 2016 Jan 19. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 21492197Vannella L, Sbrozzi-Vanni A, Lahner E, Bordi C, Pilozzi E, Corleto VD, Osborn JF, Delle Fave G, Annibale B. Development of type I gastric carcinoid in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Jun;33(12):1361-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04659.x. Epub 2011 Apr 15.
- Background: PubMed 15973103Borch K, Ahren B, Ahlman H, Falkmer S, Granerus G, Grimelius L. Gastric carcinoids: biologic behavior and prognosis after differentiated treatment in relation to type. Ann Surg. 2005 Jul;242(1):64-73. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000167862.52309.7d.
- Background: PubMed 21531442La Rosa S, Inzani F, Vanoli A, Klersy C, Dainese L, Rindi G, Capella C, Bordi C, Solcia E. Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum Pathol. 2011 Oct;42(10):1373-84. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.01.018. Epub 2011 May 4.
- Background: PubMed 10660138Qvigstad G, Falkmer S, Westre B, Waldum HL. Clinical and histopathological tumour progression in ECL cell carcinoids ("ECLomas"). APMIS. 1999 Dec;107(12):1085-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01513.x.
Related trials for Autoimmune Gastritis
Enrolling by invitationObservational study
UC Davis Cohort of Pre-Malignant and Malignant Gastro-Intestinal DisEases Study
Intestinal Metaplasia, Chronic Gastritis
RecruitingObservational study
Natural History, Evolution, and Clinical Features of Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis
Atrophic Gastritis
RecruitingObservational study
Assessing the Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) in Patients With Autoimmune Gastritis(AIG) Through Hydrogen and Methane Breath Testing(HMBT).
Autoimmune Gastritis
Recruiting
Exploratory Study on the Efficacy of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Autoimmune Gastritis
Autoimmune Gastritis
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Jianning Yao, Dr. study chair
The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing oral administration of Betaine hydrochloride in people with Autoimmune Gastritis, run by Jianning Yao at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Jianning Yao, Dr. (13733183434, rjyy@zzu.edu.cn), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
The difference in serum gastrin (1 month) (time frame: 1month). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06272500, which also lists 15 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Jun 2026.