Interactive Digital-based Educational Program and Climate Change

The threat of climate change to human health and survival is significant (Watts et al. 2019). The planet has warmed by over 1.2°C since preindustrial times; causing severe and rapidly deteriorating health affects worldwide (Butterfield et al., 2021). Despite overwhelming evidence, however, the global response to climate change has been hindered by political intransigence and bureaucracy. Health professionals are increasingly looked to for leadership and their continued commitment is addressing critical gaps in climate science, policy, and advocacy (Watts et al. 2020).

The environment plays a vital role in determining human health (Anderko et al., 2014; Nichols et al., 2009). A direct link exists between climate change and air pollution, which takes the lives of over 7 million people each year (World Health Organization, 2018). Nurses worldwide have expressed deep concerns about sustainability (Dunphy, 2014). Some nurses are now becoming environmental activism. Fielding et al. (2008, p.219) define "environmental activism" as "purposeful and effortful engagement in behaviors aimed at preserving or improving the quality of the environment and increasing public awareness of environmental issues and may include protesting, rallying, petitioning, educating the public, lobbying government and corporations, participating in direct actions such as blockades or participating in voluntary conservation or revegetation work." Perceived self-efficacy, the degree to which people believe they are capable of performing specific tasks to achieve certain goals, is a central concept in Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2011; Schunk, 2013). It impacts individuals through four main processes: selection, motivational, affective, and cognitive dimensions. Grothmann and Patt (2005) propose two cognitive appraisal processes that people would undertake to protect themselves and adapt to climate change impacts. These are "risk appraisal-the perceived probability of being exposed to risk and its perceived severity; and adaptation appraisal-the ability to avert being harmed by the threat, along with the costs of taking such action, which results in an awareness of perceived adaptive capacity" (Grothmann \& Patt, 2005). Regardless of whether an individual perceives some threats to be low or high, they will engage in appraising their efficacy (Witte, 1992; Witte, 1998). However, those who perceive or believe the threats or hazards to be high are more likely to take protective action to avert harm.

Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to reduce or prevent damage (Witte, 1998; Bandura, 1997). Perceived self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own behavior and social environment, making it crucial in understanding human behavior (Hanson-Easey, 2013). While self-efficacy is increasingly being used to understand human responses to climate change, its use has been mainly restricted to studies on mitigation rather than adaptation. Self-efficacy potentially determines whether an individual will adapt or not, and it also determines the nature of transformation and how an individual will adapt to climate change.

The impact of climate change on humans has become one of the most prominent issues on the international agenda in recent decades. Climate change implications vary within and between locations due to multiple factors, including physical features, coping capacities, and sensitivities (Folke, 2006; Smit et al., 2006). Climate change mitigation and adaptation have emerged in the climate change discourse. While the former aims to avoid the unmanageable, the latter aims to manage the unavoidable (Huang et al., 2011). Although mitigation dominated international climate policy discussions in the 1990s and early 2000s, lately, growing attention (in both theory and practice) is being given to adaptation. Adaptation to climate change has become a prominent topic of current policy development and debates (Adger, 2006; Adger et al., 2009). According to Smit and Pilifosova (2003), "adaptation is important in climate change response in two ways: the assessment of impacts and vulnerabilities and the development and evaluation of response options." Given the pace at which the climate changes and the potential adverse impacts, adaptation "is no longer tomorrow's choice, but today's imperative" (Huang et al., 2011). In developing countries, where high dependency on climate-sensitive natural resources and the elevated impact of climate change persist, adaptation has been one of the focal points of current development discussions (Barros, 2014).

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have evolved to be typical in modern life. The use of modern communication technologies in healthcare is expanding access to healthcare services and expanding resource availability, especially among underprivileged groups. Digital technologies are said to improve healthcare providers communication, encourage laypeople to participate in preventative health activities, and improve adherence to treatment regimens. It is gaining popularity as proof of its usefulness in increasing awareness about climate change (Lupton, 2013). Furthermore, digital-based education may provide individualised and personalised teaching, feedback, and goal setting, improving client-centered care and communication and training individuals with little understanding of climate change to improve their knowledge and attitude (SRI, 2018).

The nursing profession was an early participant in the climate change discussion and is well-positioned to increase its involvement. Nurses have three valuable assets. First, they account for over 60% of all health professionals worldwide, operating in a variety of clinical and public health settings (WHO, 2020). Their collective power to alter the course of climate action is unrivalled. Nurses have an important role and can be more effective communicators of the moral tale of climate change. They have a history of defending human dignity, and the public feels at ease with nurses discussing what is right and wrong. Nursing should enhance its commitment to climate-friendly indigenous practices and ancestral knowledge.