ImageNCT06056531
Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation Using Three Different Techniques on Nursing Students
A study testing Near infrared light imaging and Isometric exercise with stress ball in people with Image and Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, run by Uludag University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Aim: The primary objective was to assess the effect of three different teaching techniques on the success of first-time peripheral intravenous cannulation (PVC) insertion as well as the vein prominence of nursing students. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 45 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Image, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- What is being tested?
- Near infrared light imaging and Isometric exercise with stress ball
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 147 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Feb 2022to 31 Jul 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 45 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- participants who did not use alcohol
- participants who did not drug abuse
- participants who completed the immunization /vaccination schedule.
- participants who volunteered to participated in the study
Who cannot join
- participants who were diagnosed with a chronic illness,
- participants who have a disorder causing bleeding,
- participants who have a psychiatric illness,
- participants who had not received vaccinations for HBV, HCV, or HIV vaccine
- participants who were pregnant
- participants who did not volunteer to participate in the study were not included in the study.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Bursa Uludag University Health Sciences Faculty of the Nursing Department
Nilufer, Bursa, 16059
About this study
Official title: The Effect of First Attempts at the Success of Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation Using Three Different Techniques on Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Aim: The primary objective was to assess the effect of three different teaching techniques on the success of first-time peripheral intravenous cannulation (PVC) insertion as well as the vein prominence of nursing students. As a secondary objective, the authors conducted research on the students' PVC knowledge levels and skills performance, in the PVC procedure and the duration of the procedure, their satisfaction, and self-confidence in learning.
Design: A randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest was conducted between February and July 2022, with near-infrared light visualization (n=49), isometric exercise (n=50), and each other's arms (n=48) with nursing students in Turkey.
Read the detailed description
Aim: The primary objective was to assess the effect of three different teaching techniques on the success of first-time peripheral intravenous cannulation (PVC) insertion as well as the vein prominence of nursing students. As a secondary objective, the authors conducted research on the students' PVC knowledge levels and skills performance, in the PVC procedure and the duration of the procedure, their satisfaction, and self-confidence in learning.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest was conducted between February and July 2022, with near-infrared light visualization (n=49), isometric exercise (n=50), and each other's arms (n=48) with nursing students in Turkey.
Performing the application on the NIR light visualization group: The participants in this group were taught to use the device, previously. The NIR light device was held by the researchers at 20cm. The participant performing PVC carried out the procedure on the arm vein of another volunteer classmate with the help of vein imaging by NIR. All interventions were conducted under the observation of the researchers. Two researchers made assessments independent of each other based on the C-PVC. The researchers used a chronometer to measure and record how long the PVC took. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence under NIR light after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The chronometer was started after the tourniquet was applied and stopped when the catheter plaster was applied. The time that it took to choose the materials needed for the PVC was not added to this time. The researchers recorded whether the PVC procedure was successful or unsuccessful. The cannula's placement during PVC was evaluated by drawing blood and returning it to the vein with a syringe. The PVC procedure was considered a failure if the vein was not opened or no blood reached the syringe. The catheter was taken out, a cotton tampon was applied, and the arm was elevated for five minutes whether the PVC attempt was successful or not. The SCLS was completed immediately after the procedure.
Performing the application on the isometric exercise group: In this group, the participants performing PVC carried out the procedure by observing vein dilation after isometric exercise. Before the procedure, the students on whom PVC was to be performed were given two stress balls, and they were told how to use them for 15 minutes. The stress balls used in the study were 6 cm in diameter and yellow. They were of medium hardness and made of high-quality silicone. The participants were told to squeeze and relax the stress ball in the palm of their hands after counting from one to three, to continue doing this until the procedure began, and to concentrate on squeezing the ball. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the isometric exercise and tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups.
Control group: The students in this group performed the PVC procedure directly on each other's arm veins without NIR or isometric exercise. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups.
- Conditions
- Image, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- Being tested
- Near infrared light imaging, Isometric exercise with stress ball
- Keywords
- peripheral intravenous cannulation, infrared light, isometric exercise
- Medical subject headings
- Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Near infrared light imagingOther
The participant performing PVC carried out the procedure on the arm vein of another volunteer classmate with the help of vein imaging by NIR. All interventions were conducted under the observation of the researchers.
Isometric exercise with stress ballOther
Before the procedure, the students on whom PVC was to be performed were given two stress balls, and they were told how to use them for 15 minutes. The participants were told to squeeze and relax the stress ball in the palm of their hands after counting from one to three, to continue doing this until the procedure began, and to concentrate on squeezing the ball.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| NIR light visualization | Experimental | The participant performing PVC carried out the procedure on the arm vein of another volunteer classmate with the help of vein imaging by NIR. All interventions were conducted under the observation of the researchers. The researchers used a chronometer to measure and record how long the PVC took. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence under NIR light after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The chronometer was started after the tourniquet was applied and stopped when the catheter plaster was applied. The time that it took to choose the materials needed for the PVC was not added to this time. The researchers recorded whether the PVC procedure was successful or unsuccessful. The cannula's placement during PVC was evaluated by drawing blood and returning it to the vein with a syringe. The PVC procedure was considered a failure if the vein was not opened or no blood reached the syringe. Receives: Other: Near infrared light imaging |
| isometric hand exercise | Experimental | In this group, the participants performing PVC carried out the procedure by observing vein dilation after isometric exercise. Before the procedure, the students on whom PVC was to be performed were given two stress balls, and they were told how to use them for 15 minutes. The stress balls used in the study were 6 cm in diameter and yellow in color. They were of medium hardness and made of high-quality silicone. The participants were told to squeeze and relax the stress ball in the palm of their hands after counting from one to three, to continue doing this until the procedure began, and to concentrate on squeezing the ball. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the isometric exercise and tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups. Receives: Other: Isometric exercise with stress ball |
| Control group: no intervention | No intervention | The students in this group performed the PVC procedure directly on each other's arm veins without NIR or isometric exercise. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Prominence of the selected vein (image)
Prominence of the vein: 1st degree : veins not visible or palpable, 2nd degree : veins visible but not palpable, 3rd degree : veins barely visible and palpable, 4th degree : veins visible and palpable, 5th degree : veins clearly visible and easily palpable.
Measured: 6 months
Knowledge, attitude, practice
A higher total test score was interpreted as a higher level of PVC knowledge. According to the test score, which was between 0 and 40 points, a higher total test score in the assessment demonstrated that the student's PVC skills level was high.
Measured: 6 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Sep 2023
- Study start1 Feb 2022
- Primary completion31 Jul 2022
- Study completion31 Jul 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for ImageStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This is a prospective, randomized controlled experimental study.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 147 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Uludag University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hulya Yilmaz, Uludag University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06056531
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 22/09/2021-13/22
- Status last verified
- Sep 2023
- First submitted
- 14 Sep 2023
- Last updated
- 28 Sep 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Clerkin R, Patton D, Moore Z, Nugent L, Avsar P, O'Connor T. What is the impact of video as a teaching method on achieving psychomotor skills in nursing? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2022 Apr;111:105280. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105280. Epub 2022 Jan 24.
PubMed 35139443Fukuroku K, Narita Y, Taneda Y, Kobayashi S, Gayle AA. Does infrared visualization improve selection of venipuncture sites for indwelling needle at the forearm in second-year nursing students? Nurse Educ Pract. 2016 May;18:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2016.02.005. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
PubMed 27235559Helm RE, Klausner JD, Klemperer JD, Flint LM, Huang E. Accepted but unacceptable: peripheral IV catheter failure. J Infus Nurs. 2015 May-Jun;38(3):189-203. doi: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000100.
PubMed 25871866Filipovich SJ, Dilgard JW, Conrad SP, Moore CB, Hefley JB. Training Program for Ultrasound-Guided Intravenous Catheter Insertion. Mil Med. 2021 Aug 28;186(9-10):e879-e883. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab176.
PubMed 33939820Yilmaz H, Yilmaz D, Cinar HG. The effect of three different techniques used to improve vein prominence on the first peripheral venous catheterization experience in nursing students: a randomized controlled study. BMC Med Educ. 2025 May 22;25(1):757. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07350-0.
PubMed 40405183
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Sep 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of First Attempts at the Success of Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation Using Three Different Techniques on Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06056531
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 22/09/2021-13/22
- Conditions
- Image, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- Keywords
- peripheral intravenous cannulation, infrared light, isometric exercise
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 147 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Uludag UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Feb 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Jul 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 28 Sep 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Aim: The primary objective was to assess the effect of three different teaching techniques on the success of first-time peripheral intravenous cannulation (PVC) insertion as well as the vein prominence of nursing students. As a secondary objective, the authors conducted research on the students' PVC knowledge levels and skills performance, in the PVC procedure and the duration of the procedure, their satisfaction, and self-confidence in learning.
Design: A randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest was conducted between February and July 2022, with near-infrared light visualization (n=49), isometric exercise (n=50), and each other's arms (n=48) with nursing students in Turkey.
Detailed description
Aim: The primary objective was to assess the effect of three different teaching techniques on the success of first-time peripheral intravenous cannulation (PVC) insertion as well as the vein prominence of nursing students. As a secondary objective, the authors conducted research on the students' PVC knowledge levels and skills performance, in the PVC procedure and the duration of the procedure, their satisfaction, and self-confidence in learning.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial with a pretest and posttest was conducted between February and July 2022, with near-infrared light visualization (n=49), isometric exercise (n=50), and each other's arms (n=48) with nursing students in Turkey.
Performing the application on the NIR light visualization group: The participants in this group were taught to use the device, previously. The NIR light device was held by the researchers at 20cm. The participant performing PVC carried out the procedure on the arm vein of another volunteer classmate with the help of vein imaging by NIR. All interventions were conducted under the observation of the researchers. Two researchers made assessments independent of each other based on the C-PVC. The researchers used a chronometer to measure and record how long the PVC took. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence under NIR light after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The chronometer was started after the tourniquet was applied and stopped when the catheter plaster was applied. The time that it took to choose the materials needed for the PVC was not added to this time. The researchers recorded whether the PVC procedure was successful or unsuccessful. The cannula's placement during PVC was evaluated by drawing blood and returning it to the vein with a syringe. The PVC procedure was considered a failure if the vein was not opened or no blood reached the syringe. The catheter was taken out, a cotton tampon was applied, and the arm was elevated for five minutes whether the PVC attempt was successful or not. The SCLS was completed immediately after the procedure.
Performing the application on the isometric exercise group: In this group, the participants performing PVC carried out the procedure by observing vein dilation after isometric exercise. Before the procedure, the students on whom PVC was to be performed were given two stress balls, and they were told how to use them for 15 minutes. The stress balls used in the study were 6 cm in diameter and yellow. They were of medium hardness and made of high-quality silicone. The participants were told to squeeze and relax the stress ball in the palm of their hands after counting from one to three, to continue doing this until the procedure began, and to concentrate on squeezing the ball. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the isometric exercise and tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups.
Control group: The students in this group performed the PVC procedure directly on each other's arm veins without NIR or isometric exercise. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- This is a prospective, randomized controlled experimental study.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| NIR light visualization | Experimental | Other: Near infrared light imagingThe participant performing PVC carried out the procedure on the arm vein of another volunteer classmate with the help of vein imaging by NIR. All interventions were conducted under the observation of the researchers. The researchers used a chronometer to measure and record how long the PVC took. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence under NIR light after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The chronometer was started after the tourniquet was applied and stopped when the catheter plaster was applied. The time that it took to choose the materials needed for the PVC was not added to this time. The researchers recorded whether the PVC procedure was successful or unsuccessful. The cannula's placement during PVC was evaluated by drawing blood and returning it to the vein with a syringe. The PVC procedure was considered a failure if the vein was not opened or no blood reached the syringe. |
| isometric hand exercise | Experimental | Other: Isometric exercise with stress ballIn this group, the participants performing PVC carried out the procedure by observing vein dilation after isometric exercise. Before the procedure, the students on whom PVC was to be performed were given two stress balls, and they were told how to use them for 15 minutes. The stress balls used in the study were 6 cm in diameter and yellow in color. They were of medium hardness and made of high-quality silicone. The participants were told to squeeze and relax the stress ball in the palm of their hands after counting from one to three, to continue doing this until the procedure began, and to concentrate on squeezing the ball. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the isometric exercise and tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups. |
| Control group: no intervention | No intervention | –The students in this group performed the PVC procedure directly on each other's arm veins without NIR or isometric exercise. Participants were asked about the degree of vein prominence after the tourniquet was applied, using inspection and palpation. The remaining stages were carried out in the same way as with all of the groups. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 45 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- participants who did not use alcohol
- participants who did not drug abuse
- participants who completed the immunization /vaccination schedule.
- participants who volunteered to participated in the study
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- participants who were diagnosed with a chronic illness,
- participants who have a disorder causing bleeding,
- participants who have a psychiatric illness,
- participants who had not received vaccinations for HBV, HCV, or HIV vaccine
- participants who were pregnant
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Near infrared light imagingThe participant performing PVC carried out the procedure on the arm vein of another volunteer classmate with the help of vein imaging by NIR. All interventions were conducted under the observation of the researchers. | Other | NIR light visualization |
| Isometric exercise with stress ballBefore the procedure, the students on whom PVC was to be performed were given two stress balls, and they were told how to use them for 15 minutes. The participants were told to squeeze and relax the stress ball in the palm of their hands after counting from one to three, to continue doing this until the procedure began, and to concentrate on squeezing the ball. | Other | isometric hand exercise |
Primary outcome
Prominence of the selected vein (image)
Time frame: 6 months
Prominence of the vein: 1st degree : veins not visible or palpable, 2nd degree : veins visible but not palpable, 3rd degree : veins barely visible and palpable, 4th degree : veins visible and palpable, 5th degree : veins clearly visible and easily palpable.
Knowledge, attitude, practice
Time frame: 6 months
A higher total test score was interpreted as a higher level of PVC knowledge. According to the test score, which was between 0 and 40 points, a higher total test score in the assessment demonstrated that the student's PVC skills level was high.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Sep 2023.
- Results publication: PubMed 35139443Clerkin R, Patton D, Moore Z, Nugent L, Avsar P, O'Connor T. What is the impact of video as a teaching method on achieving psychomotor skills in nursing? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2022 Apr;111:105280. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105280. Epub 2022 Jan 24.
- Results publication: PubMed 27235559Fukuroku K, Narita Y, Taneda Y, Kobayashi S, Gayle AA. Does infrared visualization improve selection of venipuncture sites for indwelling needle at the forearm in second-year nursing students? Nurse Educ Pract. 2016 May;18:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2016.02.005. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
- Results publication: PubMed 25871866Helm RE, Klausner JD, Klemperer JD, Flint LM, Huang E. Accepted but unacceptable: peripheral IV catheter failure. J Infus Nurs. 2015 May-Jun;38(3):189-203. doi: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000100.
- Results publication: PubMed 33939820Filipovich SJ, Dilgard JW, Conrad SP, Moore CB, Hefley JB. Training Program for Ultrasound-Guided Intravenous Catheter Insertion. Mil Med. 2021 Aug 28;186(9-10):e879-e883. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab176.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40405183Yilmaz H, Yilmaz D, Cinar HG. The effect of three different techniques used to improve vein prominence on the first peripheral venous catheterization experience in nursing students: a randomized controlled study. BMC Med Educ. 2025 May 22;25(1):757. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07350-0.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Near infrared light imaging and Isometric exercise with stress ball in people with Image and Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, run by Uludag University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Sep 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Prominence of the selected vein (image) (time frame: 6 months). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06056531, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Sep 2023.