Work Related StressNCT06013488
Character-Strengths Based Coaching For Work-Stress Reduction For Health Workers
A study testing Character Strengths Based Coaching Support and Routine Supervision in people with Work Related Stress and Burnout, Psychological, run by Templeton World Charity Foundation at 1 site in India.
Trial summary
The purpose of this two-arm, parallel group individual randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a character-strengths based coaching intervention consisting of a five-day residential workshop focusing on the use of character-strengths to address work-stress in routine situations supplemented by… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Work Related Stress, Burnout, Psychological, Mental Health Issue
- What is being tested?
- Character Strengths Based Coaching Support and Routine Supervision
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 330 participants
- Where
- 1 siteIndia
- Study dates
- 21 Aug 2023to 30 Sep 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- All rural ASHAs residing and working in Sehore district, Madhya Pradesh (verified in the health system records) and who have been trained by the study team on delivering community-based depression care
Who cannot join
- ASHAs who plan to migrate within six months of recruitment
- ASHAs who do not plan to continue working, or those who have resigned or planning to change jobs within six months of recruitment
- ASHAs with urban catchment areas
- ASHA supervisors will not be included owing to hierarchical differences in these two cadres and their potential effects on absorption of intervention content, and thereby on their wellbeing (primary outcome of interest)
- ASHAs who have difficulties in using a smartphone
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
India1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Sangath Bhopal Hub
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462042
Anant Bhan
About this study
Official title: A Character-Strengths Based Coaching Program for Rural Community Health Workers to Address Their Work Stress in India: Protocol for a Two-arm Randomized Controlled Trial
The purpose of this two-arm, parallel group individual randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a character-strengths based coaching intervention consisting of a five-day residential workshop focusing on the use of character-strengths to address work-stress in routine situations supplemented by 8- to 10-week remote telephonic weekly coaching sessions to support rural health workers, as they face stressful situations and apply the strategies learnt in the workshop. The arms are: the character-strengths based intervention added to routine health worker supervision (weekly, by the supervisor) and routine supervision alone (control arm). The target sample comprises 330 government contracted 'ASHAs' (rural resident women, lay health workers) in the Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh, one of the most populous and poorest of the states in India. Scores on the 'Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI)' will serve as the primary outcome for self-reported wellbeing and will be compared between arms at 3-month follow-up. Secondary ASHA-level outcomes will include assessment of self-reported affect, self-efficacy, flourishing, burnout, and motivation. We will also collect exploratory outcomes, including routine service delivery indicators to assess any effect of changes in well-being on ASHA's regular work performance, and resulting patient-level outcomes like satisfaction with services, and depression severity levels after receiving community-based depression care delivered by the ASHAs. We will also evaluate the costs of delivering the intervention and those incurred by ASHAs due to their participation in the intervention. Assessors blind to participant allocation will collect outcomes at baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up, as well as at 6-month follow-up, to ascertain differences in outcomes between arms. In addition, scores of ASHAs' self-perceived character strengths will be collected at baseline and 3-month follow-up as exploratory variables.
Read the detailed description
Character strengths-based interventions are found to be effective in improving well-being and reducing burnout amongst healthcare workers. But there is scarce knowledge on the use of structured positive psychology interventions for reduced work-stress and improving mental wellbeing of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). ASHAs are village level community lay health care workers who provide the bulk of the health care services in rural India. ASHAs are overworked and underpaid and subjected to considerable stress for both professional and domestic reasons (being married, rural, traditional women). This study will test the effectiveness of a 'character-strengths' based coaching intervention on ASHAs' self-reported wellbeing.
This study will evaluate the effectiveness of the aforementioned coaching intervention compared with routine supervision (delivered by one ASHA supervisor, weekly, face-to-face, typically in groups of ~20 ASHAs) on self-reported wellbeing score at 3-month follow-up. In this trial, a total of 330 ASHAs will be recruited in Sehore District of Madhya Pradesh, a large and predominantly rural state situated in central India.
The development of the coaching intervention (published elsewhere, Khan A et al., 2023) involved: (1) formative work, (2) blueprint development, (3) content development, (4) content-testing, and focus groups discussions to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, specifically the coaching workshop. This was followed by thematic qualitative analysis of ASHA perspectives/feedback to inform further modifications to the workshop. Intervention development occurred over 11 months, and the final coaching material consisted of a 'content manual' (for ASHAs) with four modules including character-strengths based 'strategies' to address challenges/stressors arising at health facilities, village communities and homes. Coaching material also included a workshop 'facilitator's manual' having session-wise detailed instructions, a list of 'energizers' and plans for the coaching workshop; and a protocol for remote telephonic coaching support to provide follow-on weekly support to ASHAs (typically 30-45 minute phone-calls) as they resume work (and experience stressors) and reinforce the learnings of the workshop.
This trial will determine whether character-strengths based coaching is an effective and scalable approach for reducing work-stress and improving mental wellbeing of rural ASHAs in low-resource settings. The findings from this trial will inform broader efforts to develop similar stress-reduction interventions, which are necessary for related cadres (e.g., nurse midwives, rural doctors) in low-resource settings in India and other low- and middle-income countries.
- Being tested
- Character Strengths Based Coaching Support, Routine Supervision
- Keywords
- character strengths, community health workers, work stress, India, randomized controlled trial, positive psychology
- Medical subject headings
- Occupational Stress, Burnout, Psychological
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Character Strengths Based Coaching SupportBehavioural
Residential (five day) workshop and remote (weekly) telephonic support for 8 to 10 weeks
Routine SupervisionBehavioural
Weekly face-to-face supervision by supervisor in groups of ~20 (1 supervisor for ~20 health workers)
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Arm | Experimental | Participants (health workers) allocated to this arm continue to receive the traditional weekly supervision delivered by their supervisor, assigned by the health system, in a face-to-face mode in groups of 1:20 (1 supervisor for a group of ~20 health workers). In addition, participants receive a 5-day residential coaching workshop involving character-strengths based strategies to reduce work-stress, followed by supplemental 8- to 10-week remote telephonic coaching support, after the workshop when they resume work (and experience stressors). The weekly coaching support calls typically last for 30-45 minutes and are delivered by an assigned intervention coach (by the study team) to the health worker (1:1). Receives: Behavioral: Character Strengths Based Coaching Support; Behavioral: Routine Supervision |
| Control Arm | Active comparator | Participants (health workers) allocated to this arm receive the traditional weekly supervision delivered by their supervisor, assigned by the health system, in a face-to-face mode in groups of 1:20 (1 supervisor for a group of ~20 health workers). Receives: Behavioral: Routine Supervision |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Mean score on the Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI)
Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI) is a subjective measure for the assessment of happiness. We have used the term 'wellbeing' in the protocol to represent this specific measure of happiness. AHI includes 24 sets of five statements [e.g., ranging from 1 ("I feel like a failure") to 5 ("I feel I am extraordinarily successful")] from which, the respondent chooses the statement that best describes her feelings in the past one week. AHI has been designed for monitoring upward changes in happiness and has often been used in positive psychology intervention studies. Internal consistency at pre-test has been reported to be high (Cronbach's α = 0.94). AHI will be administered at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months thereafter. The primary outcome analysis will involve a comparison of mean AHI scores between arms at 3-month follow-up.
Measured: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up
Secondary outcomes (5)
Mean score on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
The 10-item international Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) will be used to assess ASHA affect due to its acceptable psychometric properties such as cross-cultural stability and factorial invariance. ASHA's affect will be assessed as a mediating variable to examine its potential role in affecting wellbeing (AHI score).
Measured: Baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up
Mean score on Flourish Index (FI) and Secure Flourish Index (SFI)
The "Flourish" index (FI) consists of two questions from each of the following domains: happiness and life satisfaction, mental and physical health, meaning and purpose, character and virtue, and close social relationships. Each question is assessed on a scale of 0 - 10. FI score is obtained by adding the scores from each of these ten questions (total: 0-100). The "Secure Flourish" index (SFI) is similar to the FI, except for two additional questions on financial and material stability, which may indicate the capacity to sustain flourishing across the aforesaid domains. The FI and SFI scores are reported as averages of the questions (rather than sums), therefore all scores are scaled from 0-10. Studies have put forth Cronbach's α = 0.89 for FI and Cronbach's α = 0.86 for SFI. FI and SFI will be assessed as mediating variables for their potential effects on wellbeing.
Measured: Baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up
Mean score on Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (OSES)
We are using the Occupational Self Efficacy Scale (OSES) given that its psychometric properties have been analyzed in the Indian context, and to that extent, we will adapt the scale among ASHAs for making any linguistic modifications. Self-efficacy will also be assessed as a mediating variable for its potential effect on wellbeing.
Measured: Baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up
Mean score on the Emotional exhaustion sub-scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS)
This tool is designed to measure burnout in professionals working in the human services. The overall questionnaire measures three burnout components: emotional exhaustion (8 items, Cronbach's α = 0.89), depersonalization (5 items, Cronbach's α = 0.69) and reduced personal accomplishment (7 items, Cronbach's α = 0.79). Emotional exhaustion is seen as the core component of this tool. Items are scored on a seven-point Likert's style scale. We will assess burnout as an extrinsic outcome variable i.e., potentially affected by the aforementioned mediator variables.
Measured: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up
Mean score on the motivation scale for Indian frontline workers
We are using the tool pretested by Tripathy et al for Indian frontline health workers (including ASHAs, Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and Aanganwadi Workers) adapted from a motivation construct developed by Mbindyo et al, which was adapted from Bennet et al. Like burnout, we will assess motivation as an extrinsic outcome variable.
Measured: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Aug 2023
- Study start21 Aug 2023
- Primary completion30 Jul 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Sep 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Work Related StressStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study employs a 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial design. Participants will be randomly allocated to 1) a character-strengths based coaching intervention consisting of a five-day residential workshop and supplemental 8- to 10-week remote telephonic coaching support in addition to 'routine (health system) supervision' (face-to-face by a supervisor in groups of 1 supervisor for \~20 health workers), or 2) 'routine supervision' alone.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 330 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Templeton World Charity Foundation
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Anant Bhan, Sangath
- Investigators
- Anant Bhan, Principal investigator, Site Head, Sangath Bhopal Hub
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06013488
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- TWCF0635
- Status last verified
- Nov 2024
- First submitted
- 22 Aug 2023
- Last updated
- 20 Nov 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Khan, A., Sharma, L., Agrawal, S. et al. Development of a character-strengths based coaching program for rural community health workers to address their work stress in Madhya Pradesh, India. Curr Psychol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04673-3
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Nov 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Character-Strengths Based Coaching Program for Rural Community Health Workers to Address Their Work Stress in India: Protocol for a Two-arm Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06013488
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- TWCF0635
- Keywords
- character strengths, community health workers, work stress, India, randomized controlled trial, positive psychology
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 330 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Templeton World Charity FoundationUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jul 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Sep 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 28 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this two-arm, parallel group individual randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a character-strengths based coaching intervention consisting of a five-day residential workshop focusing on the use of character-strengths to address work-stress in routine situations supplemented by 8- to 10-week remote telephonic weekly coaching sessions to support rural health workers, as they face stressful situations and apply the strategies learnt in the workshop. The arms are: the character-strengths based intervention added to routine health worker supervision (weekly, by the supervisor) and routine supervision alone (control arm). The target sample comprises 330 government contracted 'ASHAs' (rural resident women, lay health workers) in the Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh, one of the most populous and poorest of the states in India. Scores on the 'Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI)' will serve as the primary outcome for self-reported wellbeing and will be compared between arms at 3-month follow-up. Secondary ASHA-level outcomes will include assessment of self-reported affect, self-efficacy, flourishing, burnout, and motivation. We will also collect exploratory outcomes, including routine service delivery indicators to assess any effect of changes in well-being on ASHA's regular work performance, and resulting patient-level outcomes like satisfaction with services, and depression severity levels after receiving community-based depression care delivered by the ASHAs. We will also evaluate the costs of delivering the intervention and those incurred by ASHAs due to their participation in the intervention. Assessors blind to participant allocation will collect outcomes at baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up, as well as at 6-month follow-up, to ascertain differences in outcomes between arms. In addition, scores of ASHAs' self-perceived character strengths will be collected at baseline and 3-month follow-up as exploratory variables.
Detailed description
Character strengths-based interventions are found to be effective in improving well-being and reducing burnout amongst healthcare workers. But there is scarce knowledge on the use of structured positive psychology interventions for reduced work-stress and improving mental wellbeing of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). ASHAs are village level community lay health care workers who provide the bulk of the health care services in rural India. ASHAs are overworked and underpaid and subjected to considerable stress for both professional and domestic reasons (being married, rural, traditional women). This study will test the effectiveness of a 'character-strengths' based coaching intervention on ASHAs' self-reported wellbeing.
This study will evaluate the effectiveness of the aforementioned coaching intervention compared with routine supervision (delivered by one ASHA supervisor, weekly, face-to-face, typically in groups of ~20 ASHAs) on self-reported wellbeing score at 3-month follow-up. In this trial, a total of 330 ASHAs will be recruited in Sehore District of Madhya Pradesh, a large and predominantly rural state situated in central India.
The development of the coaching intervention (published elsewhere, Khan A et al., 2023) involved: (1) formative work, (2) blueprint development, (3) content development, (4) content-testing, and focus groups discussions to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, specifically the coaching workshop. This was followed by thematic qualitative analysis of ASHA perspectives/feedback to inform further modifications to the workshop. Intervention development occurred over 11 months, and the final coaching material consisted of a 'content manual' (for ASHAs) with four modules including character-strengths based 'strategies' to address challenges/stressors arising at health facilities, village communities and homes. Coaching material also included a workshop 'facilitator's manual' having session-wise detailed instructions, a list of 'energizers' and plans for the coaching workshop; and a protocol for remote telephonic coaching support to provide follow-on weekly support to ASHAs (typically 30-45 minute phone-calls) as they resume work (and experience stressors) and reinforce the learnings of the workshop.
This trial will determine whether character-strengths based coaching is an effective and scalable approach for reducing work-stress and improving mental wellbeing of rural ASHAs in low-resource settings. The findings from this trial will inform broader efforts to develop similar stress-reduction interventions, which are necessary for related cadres (e.g., nurse midwives, rural doctors) in low-resource settings in India and other low- and middle-income countries.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study employs a 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial design. Participants will be randomly allocated to 1) a character-strengths based coaching intervention consisting of a five-day residential workshop and supplemental 8- to 10-week remote telephonic coaching support in addition to 'routine (health system) supervision' (face-to-face by a supervisor in groups of 1 supervisor for ~20 health workers), or 2) 'routine supervision' alone.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Arm | Experimental | Behavioral: Character Strengths Based Coaching Support, Behavioral: Routine SupervisionParticipants (health workers) allocated to this arm continue to receive the traditional weekly supervision delivered by their supervisor, assigned by the health system, in a face-to-face mode in groups of 1:20 (1 supervisor for a group of ~20 health workers). In addition, participants receive a 5-day residential coaching workshop involving character-strengths based strategies to reduce work-stress, followed by supplemental 8- to 10-week remote telephonic coaching support, after the workshop when they resume work (and experience stressors). The weekly coaching support calls typically last for 30-45 minutes and are delivered by an assigned intervention coach (by the study team) to the health worker (1:1). |
| Control Arm | Active comparator | Behavioral: Routine SupervisionParticipants (health workers) allocated to this arm receive the traditional weekly supervision delivered by their supervisor, assigned by the health system, in a face-to-face mode in groups of 1:20 (1 supervisor for a group of ~20 health workers). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- All rural ASHAs residing and working in Sehore district, Madhya Pradesh (verified in the health system records) and who have been trained by the study team on delivering community-based depression care
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- ASHAs who plan to migrate within six months of recruitment
- ASHAs who do not plan to continue working, or those who have resigned or planning to change jobs within six months of recruitment
- ASHAs with urban catchment areas
- ASHA supervisors will not be included owing to hierarchical differences in these two cadres and their potential effects on absorption of intervention content, and thereby on their wellbeing (primary outcome of interest)
- ASHAs who have difficulties in using a smartphone
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Character Strengths Based Coaching SupportResidential (five day) workshop and remote (weekly) telephonic support for 8 to 10 weeks | Behavioural | Intervention Arm |
| Routine SupervisionWeekly face-to-face supervision by supervisor in groups of ~20 (1 supervisor for ~20 health workers) | Behavioural | Control Arm, Intervention Arm |
Primary outcome
Mean score on the Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI)
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up
Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI) is a subjective measure for the assessment of happiness. We have used the term 'wellbeing' in the protocol to represent this specific measure of happiness. AHI includes 24 sets of five statements [e.g., ranging from 1 ("I feel like a failure") to 5 ("I feel I am extraordinarily successful")] from which, the respondent chooses the statement that best describes her feelings in the past one week. AHI has been designed for monitoring upward changes in happiness and has often been used in positive psychology intervention studies. Internal consistency at pre-test has been reported to be high (Cronbach's α = 0.94). AHI will be administered at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months thereafter. The primary outcome analysis will involve a comparison of mean AHI scores between arms at 3-month follow-up.
5 secondary outcomes
Mean score on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Time frame: Baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up
Mean score on Flourish Index (FI) and Secure Flourish Index (SFI)
Time frame: Baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up
Mean score on Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (OSES)
Time frame: Baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up
Mean score on the Emotional exhaustion sub-scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS)
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up
Mean score on the motivation scale for Indian frontline workers
Time frame: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Nov 2024.
- BackgroundKhan, A., Sharma, L., Agrawal, S. et al. Development of a character-strengths based coaching program for rural community health workers to address their work stress in Madhya Pradesh, India. Curr Psychol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04673-3
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Anant Bhan principal investigator
Site Head, Sangath Bhopal Hub
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Character Strengths Based Coaching Support and Routine Supervision in people with Work Related Stress and Burnout, Psychological, run by Templeton World Charity Foundation at 1 site in India.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Nov 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in India. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Ameya Bondre (00918874041444, ameya.bondre@sangath.in), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Mean score on the Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI) (time frame: Baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06013488, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Nov 2024.