Diabetes MellitusNCT05893784
The Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercises Applied to Individuals With Diabetes on Fatigue and Sleep
A study testing Use of progressive relaxation exercises education in people with Diabetes Mellitus, run by Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the progressive relaxation exercises applied to the individuals with diabetes on fatigue and sleep. This randomized controlled study was a single-blind, parallel intervention and control group experimental study. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Diabetes Mellitus
- What is being tested?
- Use of progressive relaxation exercises education
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 63 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 20 Jan 2022to 20 May 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
- using insulin
- had no disease that could prevent them from exercising.
Who cannot join
- Not having been diagnosed with diabetes
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the progressive relaxation exercises applied to the individuals with diabetes on fatigue and sleep. This randomized controlled study was a single-blind, parallel intervention and control group experimental study. The researcher applied the training for the progressive relaxation exercises to the intervention group. Socio-demographic data, 'Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index' and 'The Fatigue Severity Scale' were used for the study.
Read the detailed description
The study was conducted on patients who applied to the endocrine polyclinic of a hospital in Turkey and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The patients were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, were over 18 years old and were using insulin. The patients were able to communicate and had no disease that could prevent them from exercising.
The Intervention (n=33) and control groups (n=30) were formed by simple randomization method.
Data was collected by using "Patient Identification Form", "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index" and "The Fatigue Severity Scale".
Patient Identification Form was created by scanning the literature for this study. In this form, there were 10 questions in total. The questions included the first letters of the name and surname of the patient for coding purposes. The other questions were about age, marital status, employment status, educational status, drinking and smoking habbits, participation in exercise training, exercise and sleep patterns.
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was developed by Buysse et al. in 1989. It was adapted into Turkish by Ağargün et al. in 1996 as PUKI. PUKI was a 24-item scale and it was used to evaluate sleep quality and disturbance of the previous month. 19 of the questions were self-report questions and those were answered by the patient. The question number 19 was about the availability of a roommate or spouse and it was not used in scoring. The remaining 5 questions of 24 were to be answered by a spouse or a roommate, they were also not included in the scoring. The 18 scored questions of the scale consisted of 7 components which were Subjective Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Habitual Sleep Efficiency, Sleep Disorder, Sleeping Drug Use, and Daytime Dysfunction. Each component was evaluated with a score between 0 and 3 points. The total score of the 7 components was accepted as the score of the scale. Therefore the total score of the scale was between 0 and 21 points. A total score greater than 5 was accepted to be "poor sleep quality". The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.80.
Fatigue Severity Scale was developed by Krupp in 1989. It was adapted into Turkish by Armutlu et al. in 2007. The Fatigue Severity Scale was cited as the best example among one-dimensional scales. This scale consisted of 9 questions in total and the person indicated how much he or she agreed with each question by choosing a value between 1 and 7 where 1 means I totally disagreed and 7 means I totally agreed. The score range of the scale was between 9 and 63 points. A score of 36 or higher indicated severe fatigue. The total score was calculated by taking the average of 9 answers. The cut-off value for pathological fatigue was determined as 4 and above. The lower the total score, the less fatigue. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the SSS is 0.96.
Progressive relaxation exercises training and questionnaires were administered to the experimental group face-to-face in the endocrine polyclinic examination room by the researcher, and each interview lasted approximately 30 minutes.
Written consent was obtained from the participants before the research. After explaining the benefits, application steps, frequency and duration of progressive relaxation exercises, practical exercise training was given by the researcher.
After the training, an 8-minute video in which the progressive relaxation exercises was explained practically to the individuals was sent to their mobile phones. The participants were asked to perform these exercises regularly for 4 weeks, each day one hour before going to bed, simultaneously with the video.
The aforementioned video included breathing exercises and progressive muscle stretching exercises, with music in the background to relax the patient. After 4 weeks, when the individuals in the experimental group came to the endocrine polyclinic for control, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and The Fatigue Severity Scale were applied again by the researcher as a post-test. No training was given to the control group by the researcher during the study.
- Conditions
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Being tested
- Use of progressive relaxation exercises education
- Keywords
- Diabetes Mellitus, nurse, progressive relaxation exercises, fatigue, sleep
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Use of progressive relaxation exercises educationOther
Progressive relaxation exercises education It starts with deep breathing exercises along with music. Then stretching and relaxation exercises are performed. After the education, an 8-minute video in which the progressive relaxation exercises was explained practically to the individuals was sent to their mobile phones. The participants were asked to perform these exercises regularly for 4 weeks, each day one hour before going to bed, simultaneously with the video.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| END | Experimental | Use of progressive relaxation exercises education Receives: Other: Use of progressive relaxation exercises education |
| END free | No intervention | patient witout of progressive relaxation exercises education |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Patient Identification Form
Patient Identification Form was created by scanning the literature for this study. In this form, there were 10 questions in total. The questions included the first letters of the name and surname of the patient for coding purposes. The other questions were about age, marital status, employment status, educational status, drinking and smoking habbits, participation in exercise training, exercise and sleep patterns.
Measured: a day before the education
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was a 24-item scale and it was used to evaluate sleep quality and disturbance of the previous month. 19 of the questions were self-report questions and those were answered by the patient. The question number 19 was about the availability of a roommate or spouse and it was not used in scoring. The remaining 5 questions of 24 were to be answered by a spouse or a roommate, they were also not included in the scoring. The 18 scored questions of the scale consisted of 7 components which were Subjective Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Habitual Sleep Efficiency, Sleep Disorder, Sleeping Drug Use, and Daytime Dysfunction. Each component was evaluated with a score between 0 and 3 points. The total score of the 7 components was accepted as the score of the scale. Therefore the total score of the scale was between 0 and 21 points. A total score greater than 5 was accepted to be "poor sleep quality".
Measured: a day before the education
Fatigue Severity Scale
Fatigue Severity Scale was cited as the best example among one-dimensional scales. This scale consisted of 9 questions in total and the person indicated how much he or she agreed with each question by choosing a value between 1 and 7 where 1 means I totally disagreed and 7 means I totally agreed. The score range of the scale was between 9 and 63 points. A score of 36 or higher indicated severe fatigue. The total score was calculated by taking the average of 9 answers. The cut-off value for pathological fatigue was determined as 4 and above.
Measured: a day before the education
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Jun 2023
- Study start20 Jan 2022
- Primary completion20 Mar 2022
- Study completion20 May 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Diabetes MellitusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 63 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Bahar İNKAYA, Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05893784
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AnkaraYBU1324356
- Status last verified
- May 2023
- First submitted
- 30 May 2023
- Last updated
- 8 Jun 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Vardar Inkaya B, Koc A, Genc B, Mumcu C, Gungor C, Ersoy R. The Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercises Applied to Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes on FATIQUE Level and Sleep Quality: A Randomised Controlled Study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2026 Jun;40(2):e70220. doi: 10.1111/scs.70220.
PubMed 41942344
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 8 Jun 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercises Applied to Individuals With Diabetes on Fatigue and Sleep
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05893784
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AnkaraYBU1324356
- Conditions
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Keywords
- Diabetes Mellitus, nurse, progressive relaxation exercises, fatigue, sleep
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 63 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Jan 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 Mar 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 20 May 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Jun 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the progressive relaxation exercises applied to the individuals with diabetes on fatigue and sleep. This randomized controlled study was a single-blind, parallel intervention and control group experimental study. The researcher applied the training for the progressive relaxation exercises to the intervention group. Socio-demographic data, 'Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index' and 'The Fatigue Severity Scale' were used for the study.
Detailed description
The study was conducted on patients who applied to the endocrine polyclinic of a hospital in Turkey and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The patients were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, were over 18 years old and were using insulin. The patients were able to communicate and had no disease that could prevent them from exercising.
The Intervention (n=33) and control groups (n=30) were formed by simple randomization method.
Data was collected by using "Patient Identification Form", "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index" and "The Fatigue Severity Scale".
Patient Identification Form was created by scanning the literature for this study. In this form, there were 10 questions in total. The questions included the first letters of the name and surname of the patient for coding purposes. The other questions were about age, marital status, employment status, educational status, drinking and smoking habbits, participation in exercise training, exercise and sleep patterns.
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was developed by Buysse et al. in 1989. It was adapted into Turkish by Ağargün et al. in 1996 as PUKI. PUKI was a 24-item scale and it was used to evaluate sleep quality and disturbance of the previous month. 19 of the questions were self-report questions and those were answered by the patient. The question number 19 was about the availability of a roommate or spouse and it was not used in scoring. The remaining 5 questions of 24 were to be answered by a spouse or a roommate, they were also not included in the scoring. The 18 scored questions of the scale consisted of 7 components which were Subjective Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Habitual Sleep Efficiency, Sleep Disorder, Sleeping Drug Use, and Daytime Dysfunction. Each component was evaluated with a score between 0 and 3 points. The total score of the 7 components was accepted as the score of the scale. Therefore the total score of the scale was between 0 and 21 points. A total score greater than 5 was accepted to be "poor sleep quality". The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.80.
Fatigue Severity Scale was developed by Krupp in 1989. It was adapted into Turkish by Armutlu et al. in 2007. The Fatigue Severity Scale was cited as the best example among one-dimensional scales. This scale consisted of 9 questions in total and the person indicated how much he or she agreed with each question by choosing a value between 1 and 7 where 1 means I totally disagreed and 7 means I totally agreed. The score range of the scale was between 9 and 63 points. A score of 36 or higher indicated severe fatigue. The total score was calculated by taking the average of 9 answers. The cut-off value for pathological fatigue was determined as 4 and above. The lower the total score, the less fatigue. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the SSS is 0.96.
Progressive relaxation exercises training and questionnaires were administered to the experimental group face-to-face in the endocrine polyclinic examination room by the researcher, and each interview lasted approximately 30 minutes.
Written consent was obtained from the participants before the research. After explaining the benefits, application steps, frequency and duration of progressive relaxation exercises, practical exercise training was given by the researcher.
After the training, an 8-minute video in which the progressive relaxation exercises was explained practically to the individuals was sent to their mobile phones. The participants were asked to perform these exercises regularly for 4 weeks, each day one hour before going to bed, simultaneously with the video.
The aforementioned video included breathing exercises and progressive muscle stretching exercises, with music in the background to relax the patient. After 4 weeks, when the individuals in the experimental group came to the endocrine polyclinic for control, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and The Fatigue Severity Scale were applied again by the researcher as a post-test. No training was given to the control group by the researcher during the study.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| END | Experimental | Other: Use of progressive relaxation exercises educationUse of progressive relaxation exercises education |
| END free | No intervention | –patient witout of progressive relaxation exercises education |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
- using insulin
- had no disease that could prevent them from exercising.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Not having been diagnosed with diabetes
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Use of progressive relaxation exercises educationProgressive relaxation exercises education It starts with deep breathing exercises along with music. Then stretching and relaxation exercises are performed. After the education, an 8-minute video in which the progressive relaxation exercises was explained practically to the individuals was sent to their mobile phones. The participants were asked to perform these exercises regularly for 4 weeks, each day one hour before going to bed, simultaneously with the video. | Other | END |
Primary outcome
Patient Identification Form
Time frame: a day before the education
Patient Identification Form was created by scanning the literature for this study. In this form, there were 10 questions in total. The questions included the first letters of the name and surname of the patient for coding purposes. The other questions were about age, marital status, employment status, educational status, drinking and smoking habbits, participation in exercise training, exercise and sleep patterns.
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Time frame: a day before the education
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was a 24-item scale and it was used to evaluate sleep quality and disturbance of the previous month. 19 of the questions were self-report questions and those were answered by the patient. The question number 19 was about the availability of a roommate or spouse and it was not used in scoring. The remaining 5 questions of 24 were to be answered by a spouse or a roommate, they were also not included in the scoring. The 18 scored questions of the scale consisted of 7 components which were Subjective Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Habitual Sleep Efficiency, Sleep Disorder, Sleeping Drug Use, and Daytime Dysfunction. Each component was evaluated with a score between 0 and 3 points. The total score of the 7 components was accepted as the score of the scale. Therefore the total score of the scale was between 0 and 21 points. A total score greater than 5 was accepted to be "poor sleep quality".
Fatigue Severity Scale
Time frame: a day before the education
Fatigue Severity Scale was cited as the best example among one-dimensional scales. This scale consisted of 9 questions in total and the person indicated how much he or she agreed with each question by choosing a value between 1 and 7 where 1 means I totally disagreed and 7 means I totally agreed. The score range of the scale was between 9 and 63 points. A score of 36 or higher indicated severe fatigue. The total score was calculated by taking the average of 9 answers. The cut-off value for pathological fatigue was determined as 4 and above.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 8 Jun 2023.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41942344Vardar Inkaya B, Koc A, Genc B, Mumcu C, Gungor C, Ersoy R. The Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercises Applied to Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes on FATIQUE Level and Sleep Quality: A Randomised Controlled Study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2026 Jun;40(2):e70220. doi: 10.1111/scs.70220.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Use of progressive relaxation exercises education in people with Diabetes Mellitus, run by Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 8 Jun 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Patient Identification Form (time frame: a day before the education). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05893784, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 8 Jun 2023.