Lumbar Disc HerniationNCT05793528
The Effect of Ultrasound Guidance on Radiation Dose and Procedure Time in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injection
An observational study of Lumbar Disc Herniation and Radiculopathy Lumbar, run by Marmara University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Low back pain is one of the leading causes of disability, and its social burden and economic cost are quite high. Although there are many causes that can lead to low back pain, radicular pain, which develops mostly secondary to lumbar disc hernias, is one of the most common pathologies. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 70 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Lumbar Disc Herniation, Radiculopathy Lumbar
- What is being tested?
- Fluoroscopy Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection and Ultrasound Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion, Surgery or procedure
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 May 2023to 1 Nov 2023
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 70 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: The study group will consist of patients who are planned to receive transforaminal epidural steroid injection or erector spina plane block treatment by the clinician, and who want to participate in the study.
Who may be able to join
- Being between the ages of 18-70
- Radicular low back pain
- Failure to respond to conservative treatments
- Pain intensity NRS >3/10
- Lumbar nerve root compression due to disc herniation in lumbar MRI
- Agree to participate in the research
Who cannot join
- Patients younger than 18 years old and over 70 years old
- Patients describing only localized pain in the lower back without radiating to the lower extremities
- Those with nerve root compression due to reasons other than disc herniation
- Those with spondylolisthesis
- Those with transitional vertebrae
- Pregnancy
Show all 10Show fewer
- Patients with a body mass index over 30
- Patients with bleeding diathesis
- Having a known psychiatric illness diagnosis
- History of allergy to any of the injection substances
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Low back pain is one of the leading causes of disability, and its social burden and economic cost are quite high. Although there are many causes that can lead to low back pain, radicular pain, which develops mostly secondary to lumbar disc hernias, is one of the most common pathologies. Epidural corticosteroid and local anesthetic injections are an important treatment option in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain that does not respond to conservative methods.
For fluoroscopy-guided epidural injections; transforaminal, interlaminar and caudal approaches may be preferred. It is accepted as the superiority of the transforaminal approach that it allows access to the area of pathology, thus to the anterior epidural area where inflammatory mediators are more concentrated, and that it can spread to the target specifically around the inflamed nerve roots.
Read more
In transforaminal epidural injections, the use of ultrasound as the sole imaging tool throughout the entire procedure is still not appropriate, as subbony structures cannot be visualized. However, ultrasound can be integrated at any stage of the process. Thus, the relatively inexpensive cost, portability, and ability to show non-osseous tissues of ultrasonography are utilized, particularly in terms of reducing radiation exposure.
Gofeld et al. claimed that ultrasound-guided transforaminal epidural injection could be performed by targeting the posterior part of the vertebral body. However, in cases where the lamina is wide and covers the posterior of the vertebral body, it may not be possible to sonographically view the vertebral body. In addition, although the intervertebral disc is differentiated from the corpus, loss of fluid content in the elderly can cause acoustic shadowing in the disc. This may result in accidental intra-disc injections. Finally, even if the target point is reached, it is not possible to show intravascular spread at this level ultrasonographically. Therefore, in our opinion, this method is unreliable for transforaminal epidural injections. Another study used ultrasound and fluoroscopy together for transforaminal epidural injections. After imaging the lamina of the relevant vertebral level sonographically, the needle is directed to the lateral edge of the lamina, then fluoroscopic imaging is performed after it passes under the lamina with the loss of resistance technique. However, it should be known that the loss of resistance technique is not a suitable and reliable method in transforaminal injections. In addition, since it is not known how far the lamina has progressed after it has passed under the bone, in other words, imaging guidance is disabled in this part of the process.
In our clinic, we use ultrasonography and fluoroscopy methods in an integrated way (hybrid method) for transforaminal epidural injections. For this purpose, we proceed to fluoroscopic imaging immediately after the spinal needle is advanced to the lateral edge of the lamina at the vertebral level where there is pathology with ultrasound. We think that with this method, we continue to stay in the safe window and reduce the radiation dose and procedure time. Based on this, we determined the aim of this study as the effect of including ultrasonography guidance in transforaminal epidural injections on radiation dose and procedure time.
- Conditions
- Lumbar Disc Herniation, Radiculopathy Lumbar
- Being tested
- Fluoroscopy Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection, Ultrasound Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection
- Keywords
- Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injection, Ultrasound Guided Epidural Injection, Radiation Dose, Procedure Time
- Medical subject headings
- Intervertebral Disc Displacement
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Fluoroscopy Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid InjectionProcedure or surgery
The patients are positioned prone. The injection site is cleaned with povidone-iodine 3 times and a sterile drape was applied. Short-acting local anesthesia (3 mL of 2% prilocaine) is applied to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A 3.5-inch, 22-gauge spinal needle is inserted just below the pedicle. It is advanced into the subpedicular space using the coaxial technique under the intermittent guidance of fluoroscopy. The needle position is confirmed through a lateral view. Using lateral views, the needle is placed at the posterior one-third of the foramen. Using the anteroposterior view, one to 2 mL of the contrast agent (300 mg/50 mL iohexol) is given and the distribution pattern is visualized. Once the epidural distribution of the contrast agent is confirmed without vascular flow, a mixture of 8 mg (two mL) of dexamethasone, 1 mL of physiological saline, and 1 mL (0.5%) of bupivacaine hydrochloride is injected.
Ultrasound Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid InjectionProcedure or surgery
The patients are positioned prone placed. Following the provision of aseptic conditions, the spinous process of the vertebral midline is visualized using a low-frequency convex ultrasound probe. The lateral edge of the relevant vertebral lamina is visualized by sonographic scanning in the horizontal plane. Local anesthesia is applied to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A 3.5-inch, 22-gauge spinal needle is advanced to the lateral edge of the relevant vertebral lamina under ultrasound image guidance. Then, anteroposterior imaging is performed with fluoroscopy to confirm needle localization when the lamina margin is reached, and the needle is guided into the foramen under the guidance of fluoroscopy. The contrast agent is given and the distribution pattern is visualized. Once the epidural distribution of the contrast agent is confirmed without vascular flow, a mixture of 2 mL of dexamethasone, 1 mL of physiological saline, and 1 mL (0.5%) of bupivacaine hydrochloride is injected.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Those who had lumbar radicular pain | Patients with lumbar radicular pain identified by inclusion and exclusion criteria Receives: Procedure: Fluoroscopy Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection; Procedure: Ultrasound Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in NRS (Numeric Rating Scale)
≥50% reduction in the NRS scores at first hour relative to the initial NRS scores.
Measured: at first hour
Radiation Dose
Radiation dose during the TFESI
Measured: at first hour
Radiation Time
Radiation time during the TFESI
Measured: at first hour
Procedure Time
Procedure time during the TFESI
Measured: at first hour
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted31 Mar 2023
- Study start1 May 2023 (estimated)
- Primary completion1 Sep 2023 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Nov 2023 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Lumbar Disc HerniationStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Marmara UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Marmara University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05793528
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MU-SK-YO-20.03.23
- Status last verified
- Mar 2023
- First submitted
- 20 Mar 2023
- Last updated
- 31 Mar 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Cohen SP, Bicket MC, Jamison D, Wilkinson I, Rathmell JP. Epidural steroids: a comprehensive, evidence-based review. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013 May-Jun;38(3):175-200. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31828ea086.
PubMed 23598728Rivera CE. Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2018 Feb;29(1):73-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2017.08.007.
PubMed 29173666Vlaeyen JWS, Maher CG, Wiech K, Van Zundert J, Meloto CB, Diatchenko L, Battie MC, Goossens M, Koes B, Linton SJ. Low back pain. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Dec 13;4(1):52. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1.
PubMed 30546064Patrick N, Emanski E, Knaub MA. Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain. Med Clin North Am. 2016 Jan;100(1):169-81. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.015.
PubMed 26614726Shim E, Lee JW, Lee E, Ahn JM, Kang Y, Kang HS. Fluoroscopically Guided Epidural Injections of the Cervical and Lumbar Spine. Radiographics. 2017 Mar-Apr;37(2):537-561. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017160043. Epub 2016 Dec 9.
PubMed 27935769Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Falco FJ, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Do Epidural Injections Provide Short- and Long-term Relief for Lumbar Disc Herniation? A Systematic Review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Jun;473(6):1940-56. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3490-4.
PubMed 24515404Ghahreman A, Ferch R, Bogduk N. The efficacy of transforaminal injection of steroids for the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. Pain Med. 2010 Aug;11(8):1149-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00908.x.
PubMed 20704666Hong JH, Park EK, Park KB, Park JH, Jung SW. Comparison of clinical efficacy in epidural steroid injections through transforaminal or parasagittal approaches. Korean J Pain. 2017 Jul;30(3):220-228. doi: 10.3344/kjp.2017.30.3.220. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
PubMed 28757923Gofeld M, Bristow SJ, Chiu SC, McQueen CK, Bollag L. Ultrasound-guided lumbar transforaminal injections: feasibility and validation study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Apr 20;37(9):808-12. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182340096.
PubMed 21912311Yang G, Liu J, Ma L, Cai Z, Meng C, Qi S, Zhou H. Ultrasound-guided Versus Fluoroscopy-controlled Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin J Pain. 2016 Feb;32(2):103-8. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000237.
PubMed 25803759Provenzano DA, Narouze S. Sonographically guided lumbar spine procedures. J Ultrasound Med. 2013 Jul;32(7):1109-16. doi: 10.7863/ultra.32.7.1109. No abstract available.
PubMed 23804333
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 31 Mar 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Ultrasound Guidance on Radiation Dose and Procedure Time in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injection
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05793528
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MU-SK-YO-20.03.23
- Conditions
- Lumbar Disc Herniation, Radiculopathy Lumbar
- Keywords
- Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injection, Ultrasound Guided Epidural Injection, Radiation Dose, Procedure Time
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Marmara UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 May 2023 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 1 Sep 2023 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Nov 2023 (estimated)
- First posted
- 31 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Low back pain is one of the leading causes of disability, and its social burden and economic cost are quite high. Although there are many causes that can lead to low back pain, radicular pain, which develops mostly secondary to lumbar disc hernias, is one of the most common pathologies. Epidural corticosteroid and local anesthetic injections are an important treatment option in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain that does not respond to conservative methods.
For fluoroscopy-guided epidural injections; transforaminal, interlaminar and caudal approaches may be preferred. It is accepted as the superiority of the transforaminal approach that it allows access to the area of pathology, thus to the anterior epidural area where inflammatory mediators are more concentrated, and that it can spread to the target specifically around the inflamed nerve roots.
In transforaminal epidural injections, the use of ultrasound as the sole imaging tool throughout the entire procedure is still not appropriate, as subbony structures cannot be visualized. However, ultrasound can be integrated at any stage of the process. Thus, the relatively inexpensive cost, portability, and ability to show non-osseous tissues of ultrasonography are utilized, particularly in terms of reducing radiation exposure.
Gofeld et al. claimed that ultrasound-guided transforaminal epidural injection could be performed by targeting the posterior part of the vertebral body. However, in cases where the lamina is wide and covers the posterior of the vertebral body, it may not be possible to sonographically view the vertebral body. In addition, although the intervertebral disc is differentiated from the corpus, loss of fluid content in the elderly can cause acoustic shadowing in the disc. This may result in accidental intra-disc injections. Finally, even if the target point is reached, it is not possible to show intravascular spread at this level ultrasonographically. Therefore, in our opinion, this method is unreliable for transforaminal epidural injections. Another study used ultrasound and fluoroscopy together for transforaminal epidural injections. After imaging the lamina of the relevant vertebral level sonographically, the needle is directed to the lateral edge of the lamina, then fluoroscopic imaging is performed after it passes under the lamina with the loss of resistance technique. However, it should be known that the loss of resistance technique is not a suitable and reliable method in transforaminal injections. In addition, since it is not known how far the lamina has progressed after it has passed under the bone, in other words, imaging guidance is disabled in this part of the process.
In our clinic, we use ultrasonography and fluoroscopy methods in an integrated way (hybrid method) for transforaminal epidural injections. For this purpose, we proceed to fluoroscopic imaging immediately after the spinal needle is advanced to the lateral edge of the lamina at the vertebral level where there is pathology with ultrasound. We think that with this method, we continue to stay in the safe window and reduce the radiation dose and procedure time. Based on this, we determined the aim of this study as the effect of including ultrasonography guidance in transforaminal epidural injections on radiation dose and procedure time.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Those who had lumbar radicular pain | – | Procedure: Fluoroscopy Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection, Procedure: Ultrasound Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid InjectionPatients with lumbar radicular pain identified by inclusion and exclusion criteria |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 70 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The study group will consist of patients who are planned to receive transforaminal epidural steroid injection or erector spina plane block treatment by the clinician, and who want to participate in the study.
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Being between the ages of 18-70
- Radicular low back pain
- Failure to respond to conservative treatments
- Pain intensity NRS >3/10
- Lumbar nerve root compression due to disc herniation in lumbar MRI
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Patients younger than 18 years old and over 70 years old
- Patients describing only localized pain in the lower back without radiating to the lower extremities
- Those with nerve root compression due to reasons other than disc herniation
- Those with spondylolisthesis
- Those with transitional vertebrae
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Fluoroscopy Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid InjectionThe patients are positioned prone. The injection site is cleaned with povidone-iodine 3 times and a sterile drape was applied. Short-acting local anesthesia (3 mL of 2% prilocaine) is applied to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A 3.5-inch, 22-gauge spinal needle is inserted just below the pedicle. It is advanced into the subpedicular space using the coaxial technique under the intermittent guidance of fluoroscopy. The needle position is confirmed through a lateral view. Using lateral views, the needle is placed at the posterior one-third of the foramen. Using the anteroposterior view, one to 2 mL of the contrast agent (300 mg/50 mL iohexol) is given and the distribution pattern is visualized. Once the epidural distribution of the contrast agent is confirmed without vascular flow, a mixture of 8 mg (two mL) of dexamethasone, 1 mL of physiological saline, and 1 mL (0.5%) of bupivacaine hydrochloride is injected. | Procedure or surgery | Those who had lumbar radicular pain |
| Ultrasound Guided Transforaminal Epidural Steroid InjectionThe patients are positioned prone placed. Following the provision of aseptic conditions, the spinous process of the vertebral midline is visualized using a low-frequency convex ultrasound probe. The lateral edge of the relevant vertebral lamina is visualized by sonographic scanning in the horizontal plane. Local anesthesia is applied to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A 3.5-inch, 22-gauge spinal needle is advanced to the lateral edge of the relevant vertebral lamina under ultrasound image guidance. Then, anteroposterior imaging is performed with fluoroscopy to confirm needle localization when the lamina margin is reached, and the needle is guided into the foramen under the guidance of fluoroscopy. The contrast agent is given and the distribution pattern is visualized. Once the epidural distribution of the contrast agent is confirmed without vascular flow, a mixture of 2 mL of dexamethasone, 1 mL of physiological saline, and 1 mL (0.5%) of bupivacaine hydrochloride is injected. | Procedure or surgery | Those who had lumbar radicular pain |
Primary outcome
Change in NRS (Numeric Rating Scale)
Time frame: at first hour
≥50% reduction in the NRS scores at first hour relative to the initial NRS scores.
Radiation Dose
Time frame: at first hour
Radiation dose during the TFESI
Radiation Time
Time frame: at first hour
Radiation time during the TFESI
Procedure Time
Time frame: at first hour
Procedure time during the TFESI
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 31 Mar 2023.
- Background: PubMed 23598728Cohen SP, Bicket MC, Jamison D, Wilkinson I, Rathmell JP. Epidural steroids: a comprehensive, evidence-based review. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013 May-Jun;38(3):175-200. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31828ea086.
- Background: PubMed 29173666Rivera CE. Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2018 Feb;29(1):73-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2017.08.007.
- Background: PubMed 30546064Vlaeyen JWS, Maher CG, Wiech K, Van Zundert J, Meloto CB, Diatchenko L, Battie MC, Goossens M, Koes B, Linton SJ. Low back pain. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Dec 13;4(1):52. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1.
- Background: PubMed 26614726Patrick N, Emanski E, Knaub MA. Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain. Med Clin North Am. 2016 Jan;100(1):169-81. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.015.
- Background: PubMed 27935769Shim E, Lee JW, Lee E, Ahn JM, Kang Y, Kang HS. Fluoroscopically Guided Epidural Injections of the Cervical and Lumbar Spine. Radiographics. 2017 Mar-Apr;37(2):537-561. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017160043. Epub 2016 Dec 9.
- Background: PubMed 24515404Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Falco FJ, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Do Epidural Injections Provide Short- and Long-term Relief for Lumbar Disc Herniation? A Systematic Review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Jun;473(6):1940-56. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3490-4.
- Background: PubMed 20704666Ghahreman A, Ferch R, Bogduk N. The efficacy of transforaminal injection of steroids for the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. Pain Med. 2010 Aug;11(8):1149-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00908.x.
- Background: PubMed 28757923Hong JH, Park EK, Park KB, Park JH, Jung SW. Comparison of clinical efficacy in epidural steroid injections through transforaminal or parasagittal approaches. Korean J Pain. 2017 Jul;30(3):220-228. doi: 10.3344/kjp.2017.30.3.220. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
- Background: PubMed 21912311Gofeld M, Bristow SJ, Chiu SC, McQueen CK, Bollag L. Ultrasound-guided lumbar transforaminal injections: feasibility and validation study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Apr 20;37(9):808-12. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182340096.
- Background: PubMed 25803759Yang G, Liu J, Ma L, Cai Z, Meng C, Qi S, Zhou H. Ultrasound-guided Versus Fluoroscopy-controlled Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin J Pain. 2016 Feb;32(2):103-8. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000237.
- Background: PubMed 23804333Provenzano DA, Narouze S. Sonographically guided lumbar spine procedures. J Ultrasound Med. 2013 Jul;32(7):1109-16. doi: 10.7863/ultra.32.7.1109. No abstract available.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Lumbar Disc Herniation and Radiculopathy Lumbar, run by Marmara University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 31 Mar 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Serdar Kokar (+905416415143, srdrkkr@hotmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) (time frame: at first hour). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05793528, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 31 Mar 2023.