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Functional DeclineROBUSTNCT05782855

ROBot Assisted Physical Training of Older Patients During acUte hospitaliSaTion

A study testing Active Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation and Passive Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation in people with Functional Decline and ADL, run by Odense University Hospital at 1 site in Denmark.

Active, not recruiting

Under way, not looking for participants. Everyone needed has enrolled. The study is still running.

Official record
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Trial summary

This study aims to address if robot assisted physical training can prevent functional decline during acute hospitalisation in older geriatric patients. Design: blinded RCT. Patients: n = 488. Primary outcome is functional decline, assessed by Barthel-Index and 30s chair stand test. One- and three months follow-up. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 65 years and older
Conditions the study is for
Functional Decline, ADL, Physical Inactivity
What is being tested?
Active Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation and Passive Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation
Could I receive a placebo?
Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people
488 participants
Where
1 siteDenmark
Study dates
5 Jan 2023to 31 Jul 2026
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 65 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • ≥65 years of age
  • Able to ambulate before hospitalisation (with/without assistance)
  • Able to communicate with the research team
  • Expected length of stay ≥2 days
  • Residing on Funen, Denmark

Who cannot join

  • Able to ambulate without assistance during current hospitalisation
  • Known severe dementia
  • Positive Confusion and Assessment Method score (20)
  • Patients who have received less than 3 training sessions at discharge
  • Terminal illness
  • Recent major surgery or lower extremity bone fracture in the last 3 months
Show all 10Show fewer
  • Conditions contradicting use of ROBERT (unstable vertebral-, pelvic, or lower extremity fractures; high intracranial pressure; pressure ulcers or risk of developing pressure ulcers due to fragile skin; patients with medical instability)
  • Metastases at femur or hip
  • Deemed not suitable for mobilization sessions with the robot by the healthcare professional
  • If the patient weighs more than 165 kg (the robot cannot lift the leg if the patient is severely overweight)

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Denmark1 site
  • Odense University Hospital/Svendborg Hospital

    Svendborg, 5700

Other trials in Denmark

About this study

Official title: ROBot Assisted Physical Training of Older Patients During acUte hospitaliSaTion (ROBUST) - a Randomised Controlled Trial

This study aims to address if robot assisted physical training can prevent functional decline during acute hospitalisation in older geriatric patients.

Design: blinded RCT. Patients: n = 488. Primary outcome is functional decline, assessed by Barthel-Index and 30s chair stand test. One- and three months follow-up.

Read the detailed description

Introduction:

Inactivity during hospitalisation is associated with significant risk of functional decline especially in older patients. This have major impact on the individual level due to decreased wellbeing and higher level of dependency and on the society level due to increased caregiver burden following hospital discharge. This study aims to address if robot assisted physical training can prevent functional decline during acute hospitalisation in older geriatric patients.

Methods:

ROBUST is a blinded RCT. Patients (n = 488) admitted with acute medical illness to Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital will be randomised to usual care and robot assisted active strength training of lower extremities twice daily (intervention group) or usual care and robot assisted passive sham training (control group) until discharge. Both groups will receive protein supplements.

Inclusion criteria: ≥65 years of age, able to ambulate before hospitalisation, expected length of stay ≥2 days.

Exclusion criteria: Able to ambulate without assistance during current hospitalisation, severe dementia, delirium, conditions contradicting robot training.

The primary outcome, functional decline, will be assessed by Barthel-Index and 30s chair stand test.

Secondary outcomes include Quality of life (EQ-5D), Geriatric Depression Scale, Fear of falling (FES-I), cognition (MMSE), qualitative interviews, falls, caregiver burden, discharge destination, readmissions, healthcare costs, sarcopenia, and mortality.

Outcomes will be assessed at admission, discharge, and one- and three months follow-up. Data on comorbidity, medications, blood samples, and clinical frailty scale will be collected.

Discussion: This study will investigate the effects of in-hospital robot assisted strength training on functional status in older patients with multimorbidity.

Being tested
Active Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation, Passive Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation
Medical subject headings
Sedentary Behavior

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Active Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisationOther

    Active training is delivered by an innovative training robot (ROBERT®). The robot is handled by staff who attaches the robot to the patient's leg. The staff programs the exercise movement, whereby the robot remembers the movement. The robot holds the patient's leg and perform extension of hip and knee. The patient must use their muscular power to stretch the leg while ROBERT® provides resistance.

    Training is defined as a minimum of three sessions before discharge.

  • Passive Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisationOther

    Passive training is delivered by an innovative training robot (ROBERT®). The robot is handled by staff who attaches the robot to the patient's leg. The staff programs the movement, whereby the robot remembers the movement. The robot holds the patient's leg and perform passive extension of hip and knee. ROBERT® moves the leg independently without the patient using any muscle power.

    Training is defined as a minimum of three sessions before discharge.

Study groups in NCT05782855
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Control groupSham comparatorParticipants in the control group will receive usual individualized training with a physiotherapist and passive sham training of lower extremities with the rehabilitation robot twice a day until day of discharge. The physiotherapist will be blinded to allocation. Sham training consists of 3 sets of 8 passive repetitions with each leg twice a day.
Receives: Other: Passive Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation
Intervention groupActive comparatorThe intervention group will receive usual individualized training with a physiotherapist and active strength training of lower extremities by the robot twice a day until day of discharge. The physiotherapist will be blinded to allocation. Training will focus on the muscle groups in the lower extremities, which are used to get up from a chair and walk around (thigh- and calf muscles). Active training consists of 3 sets of maximum repetitions with a minimum of 65% (65-80%) intensity of 1 RM with each leg twice a day.
Receives: Other: Active Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Change from baseline Barthel Index 100

    Functional evaluation assessed by Barthel Index 100. The Barthel Index is an ordinal scale used to measure performance in activities of daily living (ADL). Ten variables describing ADL and mobility are scored, a higher number being a reflection of greater ability to function independently following hospital discharge.

    Measured: Change from baseline (day of hospital admission) to day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week)

  2. Change from baseline 30 Second Sit to Stand Test

    Functional evaluation assessed by 30 Second Sit to Stand Test . The 30 Second Sit to Stand Test is for testing leg strength and endurance in older adults.

    Measured: Change from baseline (day of hospital admission) to day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week)

Secondary outcomes (16)
  1. Quality of life EQ-5D

    Quality of life is assessed using the questionaire Quality of life EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D). The EQ-5D comprises five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression) each with three levels (no problems, some problems, extreme problems/unable), thus generating 243 possible health states.

    The EQ-5D questionnaire also includes a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), by which respondents can report their perceived health status with a grade ranging from 0 (the worst possible health status) to 100 (the best possible health status).

    Measured: Day of hospital admission; day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up; 3 months follow-up.

  2. Mood status

    Mood status are assessed by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. The Short Form GDS consisting of 15 questions. Of the 15 items, 10 indicated the presence of depression when answered positively, while the rest indicated depression when answered negatively. Scores of 0-4 are considered normal, depending on age, education, and complaints; 5-8 indicate mild depression; 9-11 indicate moderate depression; and 12-15 indicate severe depression.

    Measured: Day of hospital admission; day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up; 3 months follow-up.

  3. Concern about falling including number of falls

    Concern about falling is assessed using the 16-item Short Falls Efficacy Scale International (Short FES-I) questionaire. To calculate the Short FES-I score when all items are completed, simply add the scores for each item together to give a total that ranges as follows: minimum 7 (no concern about falling) to maximum 28 (severe concern about falling).

    Measured: Day of hospital admission; day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up; 3 months follow-up.

  4. Patient perspective by qualitative interviews

    Qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews will be performed with at least 12 patients at discharge and 1 month follow-up to explore their perspectives and experiences (PRO/PRE). The qualitative interviews will provide further and deeper explanations of the results from the quantitative parts of the study. By using this mixed-methods approach the research results will be strengthen by the complementary findings. The analysis of the qualitative data will be completed in line with manifest content analysis by Graneheim and Lundman. Data will be handled using the software NVivo

    Measured: Day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up.

  5. Cognitive function

    Cognitive function is assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a set of 11 questions that is used to check for cognitive impairment (problems with thinking, communication, understanding and memory). The maximum score for the MMSE is 30. A score of 25 or higher is classed as normal. If the score is below 24, the result is usually considered to be abnormal, indicating possible cognitive impairment.

    Measured: Day of hospital admission; day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up; 3 months follow-up.

  6. Muscle quantity

    Muscle quantity is assessed using bioelectrical impedance by InBodyS10. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method for estimating body composition, in particular body fat and muscle mass.

    Measured: Day of hospital admission; day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up; 3 months follow-up.

  7. Sarcopenia

    Sarcopenia is assessed based on the 2019 European guidelines by Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al.

    Measured: Day of hospital admission; day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week); 1 month follow-up; 3 months follow-up.

  8. Need of care at home

    Individual level data from the municipalities will be used to assess amount of need of care/home care provided by the municipality 3 months before admission and 3 months after discharge. Need of care at home is devided in the following categories: practical help, personnel care, nursing and training. Amount of need of care will be presented in hours.

    Measured: From 3 months prior to day of hospital admission to 3 months following day of hospital discharge.

  9. Length of hospital stay

    Length of hospital stay will be defined as number of days in geriatric department.

    Measured: From day of hospital admission to day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week).

  10. Discharge destination

    Data about discharge destination will be collected at the day of discharge (own home, temporary rehabilitation units, nursing homes)

    Measured: Day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week).

  11. Rate of hospital readmission

    Patients will be followed through a review of medical records for any unplanned hospitalisation within 1 month after discharge.

    Readmission definition: any unplanned hospital contact with a duration of 12+hours, occurring between 4 hours and 30 days after discharge from the Department of Geriatric Medicine.

    Measured: 30 days following day of hospital discharge.

  12. Health care cost evaluation

    A researcher in health care economics will perform a health care cost evaluation addressing running cost using ROBERT, discharge destination, hospital readmissions, care giver burden, and visits to the general practitioner after 3 months.

    Measured: 3 months follow-up.

  13. Mortality

    Administrative registers will be used to assess mortality at 1- and 3- months follow-up.

    Measured: 1- and 3-months follow-up.

  14. Change from baseline Barthel Index 100

    Functional evaluation assessed by Barthel Index 100. The Barthel Index is an ordinal scale used to measure performance in activities of daily living (ADL). Ten variables describing ADL and mobility are scored, a higher number being a reflection of greater ability to function independently following hospital discharge.

    Measured: Change from baseline (day of hospital admission) to 1 month follow-up and 3 months follow-up.

  15. Change from baseline 30 Second Sit to Stand Test

    Functional evaluation assessed by 30 Second Sit to Stand Test . The 30 Second Sit to Stand Test is for testing leg strength and endurance in older adults.

    Measured: Change from baseline (day of hospital admission) to 1 month follow-up and 3 months follow-up.

  16. Clinical Frailty Scale

    The 9-point Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) with pictograms is used at baseline before randomisation, at discharge, and at 1- and 3-month follow-up (28) to examine the impact of the exercise intervention on frailty and to determine the impact of baseline frailty on the effectiveness of the intervention

    Measured: Change from baseline (day of hospital admission) to 1 month follow-up and 3 months follow-up.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted24 Mar 2023
  2. Study start5 Jan 2023
  3. Primary completion20 Dec 2024
  4. Study completion31 Jul 2026 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
Double blind
Who is masked
Participant, Care provider
Enrolment
488 participants (estimated)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT05782855
Sponsor's protocol ID
ROBUST
Acronym
ROBUST
Status last verified
Sep 2025
First submitted
27 Dec 2022
Last updated
8 Sep 2025
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Bertelsen AS, Storm A, Minet L, Ryg J. Use of robot technology in passive mobilization of acute hospitalized geriatric medicine patients: a pilot test and feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2020 Jan 6;6:1. doi: 10.1186/s40814-019-0545-z. eCollection 2020.

    PubMed 31921434
  • Bertelsen AS, Ryg J, Masud T, Suetta C, Minet LR. Robot-Assisted Physical Exercise in Acutely Hospitalised Geriatric Patients: Insights From the ROBUST RCT - A Case Report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2026 Jan 24;19:558654. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S558654. eCollection 2026.

    PubMed 41867392
  • Bertelsen AS, Masud T, Suetta C, Rosenbek Minet L, Andersen S, Lauridsen JT, Ryg J. ROBot-assisted physical training of older patients during acUte hospitaliSaTion-study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (ROBUST). Trials. 2024 Apr 4;25(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08044-6.

    PubMed 38576046

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Active Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation and Passive Robot assisted physical training during acute hospitalisation in people with Functional Decline and ADL, run by Odense University Hospital at 1 site in Denmark.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 8 Sep 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Denmark. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Change from baseline Barthel Index 100 (time frame: Change from baseline (day of hospital admission) to day of hospital discharge (an average of 1 week)). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05782855, which also lists 3 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 8 Sep 2025.

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