Prevalence of Sedentary Lifestyle, Pre-hypertension, and Obesity

he International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed to address these concerns by a group of experts in 1998 to facilitate surveillance of physical activity based on a global standard. The IPAQ has since become the most widely used physical activity questionnaire, with two versions available: the 31 item long form (IPAQ-LF) and the 9 item short form (IPAQ-SF). The short form records the activity of four intensity levels: 1) vigorous-intensity activity such as aerobics, 2) moderate-intensity activity such as leisure cycling, 3) walking, and 4) sitting.

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), developed by van Strien et al., simultaneously measures all three types of overeating proposed in these theories. It consists of 33 items covering the domains emotional eating (13 items), external eating (10 items), and restraint (10 items). All items are answered on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1('never') to 5 ('very often'). The Dutch original version of the DEBQ has been found to have good psychometric properties regarding reliability, factor structure and predictive validity.

Items on the DEBQ range from 1 (never) to 5 (very often), with higher scores indicating greater endorsement of the eating behavior.Cronbach alpha coefficients were above the recommended cut-off values of 0.80 for adequate consistency , whereas the test-retest reliability remains good.

The GLTEQ measures the frequency of strenuous, moderate, and mild leisure-time physical activity performed for periods of 15 min or more over a usual week. Recently, a new scoring method has been proposed for generating an overall GLTEQ score that aligns with current recommendations for physical activity and the dose. The health contribution score (HCS) is based on only strenuous and moderate physical activity and is computed by multiplying the frequencies of strenuous and moderate activities by 9 and 5 metabolic equivalent of task (METs), respectively, and then adding the resultant scores. The HCS ranges between 0 and 98 and is converted into one of three categories, namely, insufficiently active (i.e., score <14 units that is the equivalent of <7 kcal/kg/week), moderately active (i.e., score between 14 and 23 units that is the equivalent of between 7 and 13.9 kcal/kg/week), and active (i.e., score ≥24 units that exceeds 13.9 kcal/kg/week).

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is a 10-item questionnaire originally developed by Cohen et al. (1983) widely used to assess stress levels in young people and adults aged 12 and above. It evaluates the degree to which an individual has perceived life as unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloading over the previous month.

The questions ask about feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, respondents are asked how often they felt a certain way on a five-point scale from 'never' to 'very often'. Answers are then scored as follow: Never = 0 Almost never = 1 Sometimes = 2 Fairly often = 3 Very often = 4 To calculate a total PSS score, responses to the four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7 and 8) first need to be reversed (i.e. 0 => 4; 1 => 3; 2 => 2; 3 => 1; 4 => 0).

The PSS score is then obtained by summing across all items. Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress.

The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI-II by Beck, Steer \& Brown, 1996. The BDI takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth - sixth grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. There is a four-point scale for each item ranging from 0 to 3. On two items (16 and 18) there are seven options to indicate either an increase or decrease of appetite and sleep. Cut-off score guidelines for the BDI-II are given with the recommendation that thresholds be adjusted based on the characteristics of the sample, and the purpose for use of the BDI-II. Total score of 0-13 is considered minimal range, 14-19 is mild, 20-28 is moderate, and 29-63 is severe.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The measure consists of 19 individual items, creating 7 components that produce one global score, and takes 5-10 minutes to complete.

Scores for each question range from 0 to 3. However PSQI minimum score is 0, maximum Score is 21 . TOTAL point < 5 associated with good sleep quality TOTAL > 5 associated with poor sleep quality.