Assessing the Impact of Exercise Based Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Treatment (IIPT) on Endogenous Pain Modulation in Youth With Chronic Pain Syndromes

1. Study Design: We will recruit 38 youth with primary and secondary chronic pain syndromes[29; 31] ages 10-17 years who are admitted to the Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center (PPRC) at Boston Children's Hospital. This longitudinal cohort study will examine responses to the OA and Fitkids Treadmill tests at 2 timepoints: 1) within 5 days of IIPT admission and 2) within 1 week of IIPT discharge. Twelve participants will complete a 3rd visit within 5 days of the first study visit to examine OA test-retest reliability.
2. Description of Study Treatments or Exposures/Predictors:

Thermal testing: A computer-controlled temperature paradigm is programmed to deliver each stimulus using the Medoc Thermosensory Analyzer (TSA)-II device (Medoc Ltd. Advanced Medical Systems, Ramat Yishai, Israel). The device operates by a microcomputer-driven 3 cm x 3 cm (9 cm2) Peltier contact thermode secured to the skin by a Velcro band without stretch. Testing is conducted on the non-dominant forearm using 4 locations to minimize skin sensitivity. Participants are blinded to the type of test being performed and expected response patterns.

Assessment of Pain Intensity: During all tests participants rate heat pain intensity continuously in real time using a linear electronic visual analogue scale (eVAS). Participants use their dominant hand to operate a knob on a horizontal sliding eVAS scale (0-100 mm) with the following two anchors: the left defined as "no heat pain sensation" (0 mm) and the right as "most intense heat pain sensation imaginable" (100 mm). Participants are instructed to move the knob on the scale in proportion to perceived heat pain intensity and not temperature intensity during testing.

Determination of the Individualized Test Temperature (ITT): To determine ITT the first temperature stimulus will ramp from baseline (32°C) to 46°C (the 75th percentile heat pain detection threshold for children ages 7-17 years) and held for 5 seconds.[22] The temperature will return to baseline (32°C) for 30 seconds and be repeated three times. If an eVAS of 75/100mm is not consistently reported on all three trials, this paradigm will be repeated at 48ºC. The lowest temperature that consistently evokes an eVAS 75/100mm will be used as the first temperature in all tests.

Offset Analgesia (OA) Test: We will use the same paradigm as our previous study, except for increasing the ITT threshold to 75/100mm.[37] The first temperature (T1) is set to the ITT and held for 5 seconds, followed by a second temperature (T2) 1°Celsius (C) higher for 5 seconds, and then returns to a third temperature (T3) that is equal to T1 for 20 seconds before returning to baseline (32ºC). OA responses are calculated as a percentage of perceived pain reduction following the 1ºC noxious thermal stimulus offset. A larger OA response (i.e., greater pain reduction) reflects a greater ability to actuate pain inhibition.

Control Test: For control tests, T1 and T2 temperatures are identical to those used in the OA paradigm, but T3 is set at the non-noxious baseline temperature (32°C). The control test serves as a physiological discriminative stimulus to examine participants' pain perception in the presence versus absence of a noxious heat stimulus.

Constant Test: For constant tests, the ITT (T1) is applied and held for 30 seconds before returning to baseline (32ºC). The constant test compares the magnitude of habituation and summation occurring during constant and OA tests.

Cardiovascular Endurance Assessment: The Fitkids Treadmill Test (FTT) is a reliable and valid measure of pediatric submaximal cardiovascular endurance.[16; 17] Time to exhaustion (TTE) on the FTT provides an objective, norm-referenced marker of cardiovascular endurance in youth ages 6-18 years and is defined as the total time completed on the test, excluding the warm-up and cool-down phases. Our recent study demonstrated that youth with chronic pain demonstrate impaired cardiovascular endurance compared to age and sex matched peers at baseline and improves significantly after IIPT.[36] The FTT is completed at PPRC admission and discharge as per standard of care for participants who can safely ambulate on a treadmill.

Biopsychosocial Characteristics: A battery of psychosocial and clinical questionnaires are administered as part of routine clinical care at the Mayo Family PPRC and stored in an IRB approved data registry for which Dr. Shulman and Dr. Sethna are co-investigators (P-0015943). Data for responses to these questionnaires will be shared for the current protocol to reduce participant burden. These measures include reliable and valid pediatric questionnaires of physical and emotional functioning including: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Anxiety short form 8a ,[42] PROMIS Depressive Symptoms short form 8a,[42] PROMIS Pediatric Pain Interference short form 8a,[42] Central Sensitization Inventory,[27; 28] Functional Disability Inventory.[21; 43] Participant characteristics at IIPT admission including, age, sex, diagnosis, pain intensity ratings, time since symptom onset, and medications will also be included to evaluate similarities and differences among OA responders and non-responders for Aim 3 based on prior research.[23; 25; 33; 39]