Cigarette SmokingNCT05487625
Effects of Narratives on Demand for Low and High Ventilated Cigarettes and Substitution for Alternative Products
A study testing High-ventilated cigarette alone, Low-ventilated cigarette alone and High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price in people with Cigarette Smoking, run by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study will investigate the effects of narratives on demand for low and high ventilated cigarettes and substitution for alternative products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 21 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Cigarette Smoking
- What is being tested?
- High-ventilated cigarette alone, Low-ventilated cigarette alone and High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 89 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 8 Aug 2022to 26 Mar 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 21 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Provide informed consent
- Be at least 21 years of age or older
- Provide a breath sample for measuring carbon monoxide (CO ≥ 8 ppm)
- Stable tobacco use patterns for at least three months
- Be willing to sample the study cigarettes (high- and low-ventilated cigarettes)
- Report smoking a high-ventilated cigarette (>= 20% ventilation)
- Report smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day
Who cannot join
- Have plans to move out of the area
- Have a serious or unstable physical or mental health condition
- Taking a tobacco cessation medication or medication that interferes with nicotine metabolism, motivation or reinforcement
- Report concrete, immediate plans to alter/quit using their usual nicotine products at the beginning of the study
- Note: Participants may be withdrawn from the study after providing consent if they submit an invalid breath sample (CO ≥ 8 ppm).
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Addiction recovery Research center
Roanoke, Virginia, 24016
About this study
This study will investigate the effects of narratives on demand for low and high ventilated cigarettes and substitution for alternative products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace.
Read the detailed description
An important aim of tobacco control is to reduce demand for the most harmful products. One product feature that could be changed to benefit public health is cigarette filter ventilation. A recent review examined the effects of cigarette filter ventilation and concluded that filter ventilation, by changing how a cigarette burns, yields more mutagens and carcinogens, and results in greater puff volume and possibly depth of inhalation, which has led to increases in peripheral lung adenocarcinomas. This study will use a novel method, the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), to compare the impact of a narrative and a factsheet on the negative consequences of filter ventilation on tobacco product purchases. High-ventilated cigarette smokers will complete multiple scenarios in the ETM.
- Conditions
- Cigarette Smoking
- Being tested
- High-ventilated cigarette alone, Low-ventilated cigarette alone, High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.
- Medical subject headings
- Cigarette Smoking
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
High-ventilated cigarette aloneBehavioural
High-ventilated cigarettes are the only available cigarettes in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace which increases in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions.
Low-ventilated cigarette aloneBehavioural
Low-ventilated cigarettes are the only available cigarettes in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace which increases in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions.
High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in priceBehavioural
High- and low ventilated cigarettes are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions.
Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in priceBehavioural
Low- and high-ventilated cigarettes are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace with low-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions.
Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.Behavioural
Usual cigarette, low- and high-ventilated cigarettes are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace with usual cigarettes increasing in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Narratives | Experimental | High-ventilated cigarette smokers will be exposed to a narrative about the negative consequences of smoking ventilated cigarettes and all of the conditions described in the intervention section. Receives: Behavioral: High-ventilated cigarette alone; Behavioral: Low-ventilated cigarette alone; Behavioral: High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price; Behavioral: Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price; Behavioral: Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price. |
| Fact sheet | Experimental | High-ventilated cigarette smokers will be exposed to fact sheet about the negative consequences of smoking ventilated cigarettes and all of the conditions described in the intervention section. Receives: Behavioral: High-ventilated cigarette alone; Behavioral: Low-ventilated cigarette alone; Behavioral: High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price; Behavioral: Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price; Behavioral: Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price. |
| Control | Experimental | High-ventilated cigarette smokers will be not be exposed to any messages and will complete all of the conditions described in the intervention section. Receives: Behavioral: High-ventilated cigarette alone; Behavioral: Low-ventilated cigarette alone; Behavioral: High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price; Behavioral: Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price; Behavioral: Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Intercept
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis).
To obtain estimates of substitution of price-constant products in the different ETM conditions, the investigators used ordinary least squares regression to predict total mg of nicotine purchased of the price constant product. Y-intercept of price-constant products is reported.
Measured: 1 day
Cigarette Demand Intensity q0
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). Demand was estimated using the exponential equation: Q = Q0 * 10^k(exp(-αQ0C) - 1), where Q is nicotine purchased (mg), C is price, Q0 is demand intensity (purchases at no cost), k is the function's logarithmic span, and α is demand elasticity. Intensity q0 is reported, which represents the estimated mg of nicotine purchased when cigarettes are free (price = 0).
Measured: 1 day
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Slope
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis).
To obtain estimates of substitution of price-constant products in the different ETM conditions, the investigators used ordinary least squares regression to predict total mg of nicotine purchased of the price-constant product. Slope of price-constant products is reported, which represents the change in mg of nicotine purchased of price-constant products divided by the change in cigarette price.
Measured: 1 day
Cigarette Demand Elasticity Alpha
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). Demand was estimated using the exponential equation: Q = Q0 * 10^k(exp(-αQ0C) - 1), where Q is nicotine purchased (mg), C is price, Q0 is demand intensity (purchases at no cost), k is the function's logarithmic span, and α is demand elasticity. Elasticity alpha is reported, which represents the sensitivity of purchasing to changes in cigarette price.
Measured: 1 day
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Aug 2022
- Study start8 Aug 2022
- Primary completion19 Mar 2024
- Study completion26 Mar 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Other trials for Cigarette SmokingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Participants will complete five ETM conditions, which include six trials assessing different cigarette prices: a) high-ventilated cigarette alone, b) low-ventilated cigarette alone, c) high- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, d) high- and low-ventilated cigarette with low-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, and e) usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 89 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Minnesota, National Cancer Institute (NCI)
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Roberta Freitas-Lemos, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Investigators
- Warren K Bickel, Ph.D., Principal investigator, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05487625
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB #22-432
- Other IDs
- 5P01CA217806
- Status last verified
- Jun 2025
- First submitted
- 31 Jul 2022
- Last updated
- 2 Jul 2025
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: The study team will share de-identified data upon request.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Jul 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Narratives on Demand for Low and High Ventilated Cigarettes and Substitution for Alternative Products
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05487625
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRB #22-432
- Conditions
- Cigarette Smoking
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 89 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Minnesota, National Cancer Institute (NCI)
- Study start
- 8 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 19 Mar 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 26 Mar 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 2 Jul 2025
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will investigate the effects of narratives on demand for low and high ventilated cigarettes and substitution for alternative products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace.
Detailed description
An important aim of tobacco control is to reduce demand for the most harmful products. One product feature that could be changed to benefit public health is cigarette filter ventilation. A recent review examined the effects of cigarette filter ventilation and concluded that filter ventilation, by changing how a cigarette burns, yields more mutagens and carcinogens, and results in greater puff volume and possibly depth of inhalation, which has led to increases in peripheral lung adenocarcinomas. This study will use a novel method, the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), to compare the impact of a narrative and a factsheet on the negative consequences of filter ventilation on tobacco product purchases. High-ventilated cigarette smokers will complete multiple scenarios in the ETM.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- Participants will complete five ETM conditions, which include six trials assessing different cigarette prices: a) high-ventilated cigarette alone, b) low-ventilated cigarette alone, c) high- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, d) high- and low-ventilated cigarette with low-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, and e) usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Narratives | Experimental | Behavioral: High-ventilated cigarette alone, Behavioral: Low-ventilated cigarette alone, Behavioral: High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Behavioral: Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Behavioral: Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.High-ventilated cigarette smokers will be exposed to a narrative about the negative consequences of smoking ventilated cigarettes and all of the conditions described in the intervention section. |
| Fact sheet | Experimental | Behavioral: High-ventilated cigarette alone, Behavioral: Low-ventilated cigarette alone, Behavioral: High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Behavioral: Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Behavioral: Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.High-ventilated cigarette smokers will be exposed to fact sheet about the negative consequences of smoking ventilated cigarettes and all of the conditions described in the intervention section. |
| Control | Experimental | Behavioral: High-ventilated cigarette alone, Behavioral: Low-ventilated cigarette alone, Behavioral: High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Behavioral: Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price, Behavioral: Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.High-ventilated cigarette smokers will be not be exposed to any messages and will complete all of the conditions described in the intervention section. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 21 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Provide informed consent
- Be at least 21 years of age or older
- Provide a breath sample for measuring carbon monoxide (CO ≥ 8 ppm)
- Stable tobacco use patterns for at least three months
- Be willing to sample the study cigarettes (high- and low-ventilated cigarettes)
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Have plans to move out of the area
- Have a serious or unstable physical or mental health condition
- Taking a tobacco cessation medication or medication that interferes with nicotine metabolism, motivation or reinforcement
- Report concrete, immediate plans to alter/quit using their usual nicotine products at the beginning of the study
- Note: Participants may be withdrawn from the study after providing consent if they submit an invalid breath sample (CO ≥ 8 ppm).
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| High-ventilated cigarette aloneHigh-ventilated cigarettes are the only available cigarettes in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace which increases in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions. | Behavioural | Control, Fact sheet, Narratives |
| Low-ventilated cigarette aloneLow-ventilated cigarettes are the only available cigarettes in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace which increases in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions. | Behavioural | Control, Fact sheet, Narratives |
| High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in priceHigh- and low ventilated cigarettes are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions. | Behavioural | Control, Fact sheet, Narratives |
| Low- and high-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in priceLow- and high-ventilated cigarettes are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace with low-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions. | Behavioural | Control, Fact sheet, Narratives |
| Usual, high- and low-ventilated cigarette with usual cigarettes increasing in price.Usual cigarette, low- and high-ventilated cigarettes are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace with usual cigarettes increasing in price across trials. Other nicotine/tobacco products are available in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace at market price. Note that all participants will complete all the specified conditions. | Behavioural | Control, Fact sheet, Narratives |
Primary outcome
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Intercept
Time frame: 1 day
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). To obtain estimates of substitution of price-constant products in the different ETM conditions, the investigators used ordinary least squares regression to predict total mg of nicotine purchased of the price constant product. Y-intercept of price-constant products is reported.
Cigarette Demand Intensity q0
Time frame: 1 day
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). Demand was estimated using the exponential equation: Q = Q0 * 10^k(exp(-αQ0C) - 1), where Q is nicotine purchased (mg), C is price, Q0 is demand intensity (purchases at no cost), k is the function's logarithmic span, and α is demand elasticity. Intensity q0 is reported, which represents the estimated mg of nicotine purchased when cigarettes are free (price = 0).
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Slope
Time frame: 1 day
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). To obtain estimates of substitution of price-constant products in the different ETM conditions, the investigators used ordinary least squares regression to predict total mg of nicotine purchased of the price-constant product. Slope of price-constant products is reported, which represents the change in mg of nicotine purchased of price-constant products divided by the change in cigarette price.
Cigarette Demand Elasticity Alpha
Time frame: 1 day
Participants completed purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where cigarette prices increased (type varied by condition) while other product prices remained at market value. The extent to which other nicotine/tobacco products substituted for usual, high-, and low-ventilated cigarettes was assessed. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM was converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). Demand was estimated using the exponential equation: Q = Q0 * 10^k(exp(-αQ0C) - 1), where Q is nicotine purchased (mg), C is price, Q0 is demand intensity (purchases at no cost), k is the function's logarithmic span, and α is demand elasticity. Elasticity alpha is reported, which represents the sensitivity of purchasing to changes in cigarette price.
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Jul 2025.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. The study team will share de-identified data upon request.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Warren K Bickel, Ph.D. principal investigator
Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing High-ventilated cigarette alone, Low-ventilated cigarette alone and High- and low-ventilated cigarette with high-ventilated cigarettes increasing in price in people with Cigarette Smoking, run by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Jul 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 2 Jul 2025). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Intercept (time frame: 1 day). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Jul 2025.