Behavior and Behavior MechanismsNCT05451511

COVID-19 Resource Offers Among Rent and Utility Assistance Applicants in St. Louis

A study testing Door-In-The-Face Technique and Foot-In-The-Door Technique in people with Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms and Communication, run by Washington University School of Medicine at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

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Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms, Communication
What is being tested?: Door-In-The-Face Technique and Foot-In-The-Door Technique
Type of treatment: Vaccines
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 526 participants
Where: 1 siteUnited States
Study dates: 5 Jul 2022to 25 Sep 2022
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 18 years and older
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

Applicants for rent and utility assistance in St. Louis City or County
English language proficiency
Be willing to be contacted via text message or email
Resident of St. Louis City or County

Who cannot join

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

Washington University in St. Louis
St Louis, Missouri, 63130

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Underserved Populations Supplement Rent Relief and COVID-19 in St. Louis: COVID-19 Resource Offers Among Rent and Utility Assistance Applicants in St. Louis

The purpose of this study is to evaluate health messaging strategies that help individuals with a high degree of housing-related needs engage in COVID-19 vaccination and testing behaviors. Findings from this research can help other communities determine how best to integrate social needs and COVID-19 prevention services. Participants' contact information will be shared with us by 211 with the participants' previously given consent. The study team will send via text message a link to a survey that includes a screen where they will provide informed consent. Those who provide consent will be randomly assigned to receive one of two surveys. The order of the offers is what varies across the surveys. Participants will be asked, along with other survey items, if they have been vaccinated against COVID-19. If they have not, they will be asked if they are interested in receiving help to receive a vaccine. Participants will also be asked if they are interested in receiving an at-home COVID self-test. If they say yes to assistance with vaccination, a vaccine navigator will call and assist them. If they say yes to receiving a COVID test, the study team will ship them a test that has been procured from the City of St. Louis Mayor's office. One month later participants will be sent a follow-up survey that asks about their experiences either with testing or with vaccination if applicable.

Conditions: Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms, Communication
Being tested: Door-In-The-Face Technique, Foot-In-The-Door Technique
Medical subject headings: Behavior, Communication

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Door-In-The-Face TechniqueOther
Sequential request strategies will be applied as an intervention. For the Door-In-The-Face Technique, participants first receive a large request they are unlikely to accept, followed by a smaller request that is the true behavior of interest.
Foot-In-The-Door TechniqueOther
Sequential request strategies will be applied as an intervention. For the Foot-In-The-Door Technique, participants are shown an easier first request that they are likely to accept, followed by a larger request that is not the behavior of interest.

Study groups in NCT05451511
Study group	Role	What they receive
Door-In-The-Face Technique	Active comparator	Using sequential request strategies, participants randomized to the Door-In-The-Face Technique group will be asked if they would like vaccination support (if not already vaccinated) and if they say no, they will be asked if they'd like to try a COVID-19 self-test at home. Receives: Other: Door-In-The-Face Technique
Foot-In-The-Door Technique	Active comparator	Using sequential request strategies, participants randomized to the Foot-In-The-Door Technique group will be first asked if they are interested in trying an at-home COVID-19 test and then asked if they are interested in vaccination support (if not already vaccinated). Receives: Other: Foot-In-The-Door Technique

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Proportion Vaccinated
Via a mobile-optimized web-based survey, the investigators will ask individuals seeking rental/housing assistance if they are thinking about getting vaccinated and report the proportion "already vaccinated."
Measured: Baseline
Sequential Request Strategy Effectiveness (Vaccination)
To compare differences in testing acceptance and vaccination responses by sequential request strategy, the investigators will identify which strategy is associated with greater testing and vaccination intentions. This will be shown by those who accepted an offer for assistance getting vaccinated.
Measured: Baseline
Sequential Request Strategy Effectiveness (Testing)
To compare differences in testing acceptance and vaccination responses by sequential request strategy, the investigators will identify which strategy is associated with greater testing and vaccination intentions. This will be shown by those who accepted an offer for a test kit.
Measured: Baseline

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

5 Jul 202225 Sep 2022

First posted11 Jul 2022
Study start5 Jul 2022
Primary completion25 Sep 2022
Study completion25 Sep 2022

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
Other trials for Behavior and Behavior MechanismsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
More trials run by Washington University School of MedicineThe sponsor's other registered studies.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Health services research
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Single blind
Who is masked: Participant
Enrolment: 526 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05451511
Sponsor's protocol ID: 3R01CA235773-03S2
Status last verified: Aug 2026
First submitted: 7 Jul 2022
Last updated: 10 Sep 2026
Results posted: Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: Undecided

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

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Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Underserved Populations Supplement Rent Relief and COVID-19 in St. Louis: COVID-19 Resource Offers Among Rent and Utility Assistance Applicants in St. Louis
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05451511
Acronym / sponsor ID: 3R01CA235773-03S2
Conditions: Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms, Communication
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 526 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: Washington University School of MedicineUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 5 Jul 2022 (actual)
Primary completion: 25 Sep 2022 (actual)
Study completion: 25 Sep 2022 (actual)
First posted: 11 Jul 2022 (actual)
Results: Posted 10 Sep 2026

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Study design

Primary purpose: Health services research
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Single blind (participant)
Number of arms: 2

Arm	Type	Receives
Door-In-The-Face Technique	Active comparator	Other: Door-In-The-Face TechniqueUsing sequential request strategies, participants randomized to the Door-In-The-Face Technique group will be asked if they would like vaccination support (if not already vaccinated) and if they say no, they will be asked if they'd like to try a COVID-19 self-test at home.
Foot-In-The-Door Technique	Active comparator	Other: Foot-In-The-Door TechniqueUsing sequential request strategies, participants randomized to the Foot-In-The-Door Technique group will be first asked if they are interested in trying an at-home COVID-19 test and then asked if they are interested in vaccination support (if not already vaccinated).

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)

Applicants for rent and utility assistance in St. Louis City or County
English language proficiency
Be willing to be contacted via text message or email
Resident of St. Louis City or County

Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Door-In-The-Face TechniqueSequential request strategies will be applied as an intervention. For the Door-In-The-Face Technique, participants first receive a large request they are unlikely to accept, followed by a smaller request that is the true behavior of interest.	Other	Door-In-The-Face Technique
Foot-In-The-Door TechniqueSequential request strategies will be applied as an intervention. For the Foot-In-The-Door Technique, participants are shown an easier first request that they are likely to accept, followed by a larger request that is not the behavior of interest.	Other	Foot-In-The-Door Technique

Primary outcome

Proportion Vaccinated
Time frame: Baseline
Via a mobile-optimized web-based survey, the investigators will ask individuals seeking rental/housing assistance if they are thinking about getting vaccinated and report the proportion "already vaccinated."
Sequential Request Strategy Effectiveness (Vaccination)
Time frame: Baseline
To compare differences in testing acceptance and vaccination responses by sequential request strategy, the investigators will identify which strategy is associated with greater testing and vaccination intentions. This will be shown by those who accepted an offer for assistance getting vaccinated.
Sequential Request Strategy Effectiveness (Testing)
Time frame: Baseline
To compare differences in testing acceptance and vaccination responses by sequential request strategy, the investigators will identify which strategy is associated with greater testing and vaccination intentions. This will be shown by those who accepted an offer for a test kit.

Results and safety

Results posted to the registry on 10 Sep 2026, as reported by the sponsor. Figures are copied from the record, not re-analysed. Full results on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Participant flow

Group	Started	Completed
Door-In-The-Face Technique	263	263
Foot-In-The-Door Technique	263	263

Primary outcome: Proportion Vaccinated

Time frame: Baseline. Count of participants. Unit: Participants

Measure	Door-In-The-Face Technique n = 263	Foot-In-The-Door Technique n = 263
Value	181	171

Primary outcome: Sequential Request Strategy Effectiveness (Vaccination)

Time frame: Baseline. Count of participants. Unit: Participants

Measure	Door-In-The-Face Technique n = 263	Foot-In-The-Door Technique n = 263
Vaccination intentions	32	47

Primary outcome: Sequential Request Strategy Effectiveness (Testing)

Time frame: Baseline. Count of participants. Unit: Participants

Measure	Door-In-The-Face Technique n = 263	Foot-In-The-Door Technique n = 263
Value	175	178

Adverse events

Time frame: Surveys did not collect death/adverse events.. Other adverse events reported at 0% frequency or more

Group	Serious adverse events	Other adverse events	Deaths
Door-In-The-Face Technique	0 of 0	0 of 0	0
Foot-In-The-Door Technique	0 of 0	0 of 0	0

Limitations and caveats (from the sponsor): Our unique sample limits generalizability in several ways, some of which could influence responses to the sequential request approach. We texted potential participants a link to an online survey. Thus, individuals with less stable phone and internet services could be underrepresented. The composition of our study sample could also affect how participants responded to the FITD experiment. A final limitation is that our outcome was accepting assistance, not actually getting vaccinated or boosted.

Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Sep 2026.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 10 Sep 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Proportion Vaccinated (time frame: Baseline). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05451511.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Sep 2026.