Noise ExposureNCT05319262
Metabolic and Cognitive Consequences of Noise-induced Sleep Disturbance
A study testing Pink noise exposure and Traffic noise in people with Noise Exposure and Sleep Disturbance, run by Göteborg University at 1 site in Sweden.
Trial summary
This study will investigate the biological mechanisms linking sleep disruption by noise and the development of disease. In a laboratory sleep study, we will play traffic sounds of different types (road, rail and air) and noise levels during the night. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Noise Exposure, Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Hygiene
- What is being tested?
- Pink noise exposure and Traffic noise
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 12 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSweden
- Study dates
- 24 Apr 2022to 3 Jun 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- 1) live in or around the city of Gothenburg area (Sweden)
Who cannot join
- aged <18 or >30 years;
- habitual sleep and wake timings more than ±1 hour different from the study sleep times (i.e. habitual sleep time should be 22:00-00:00 and habitual wake time should be 06:00-08:00);
- BMI>25 kg/m2;
- regular sleep medication use (prescribed or "over-the-counter");
- poor hearing acuity (measured during screening via pure tone audiometry);
- diagnosed with sleep disorders;
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- indications of sleep apnea on the STOP-BANG questionnaire;
- shift work;
- smoking, vaping, snus, or other nicotine use;
- pre-existing use of "white noise machines" as a sleep aid.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Sweden1 site
University of Gothenburg
Gothenburg, Västra Götaland County, 42650
About this study
This study will investigate the biological mechanisms linking sleep disruption by noise and the development of disease. In a laboratory sleep study, we will play traffic sounds of different types (road, rail and air) and noise levels during the night. We will also have nights with sound from so-called "white noise machines". These generate a low-level and continuous noise that may improve sleep by "masking" the traffic noises that would otherwise disturb sleep. We will also measure objective sleep quality and quantity, cognitive performance across multiple domains, self-reported sleep and wellbeing outcomes, and blood samples. Blood samples will be analysed to identify metabolic changes in different nights. Identifying biomarkers that are impacted by sleep fragmentation will establish the currently unclear pathways by which chronic noise exposure at night can lead to the development of diseases in the long term, especially cardiometabolic disorders.
Read the detailed description
The experimental sleep study has the overarching goal of deepening our understanding of experimentally-induced disruption of sleep and changes in metabolic and cognitive function, and to determine the efficacy of a potential non-pharmacological intervention to promote sleep. To this end, the study will address the following independent aims:
Aim 1: Determine associations between novel physiologic markers of sleep and metabolic and cognitive function. We will measure the sleep of healthy volunteers using novel and classical indictors of sleep architecture. Each morning we will obtain blood samples for metabolomics analysis and administer a neurocognitive test battery.
Aim 2: Determine the biological and neurobehavioral consequences of noise-disrupted sleep. We will compare effects on sleep, metabolomics and cognitive function between quiet nights and nights with traffic noise.
Aim 3: Evaluate the effects of continuous pink noise throughout the night. Sub-aim 1: To determine if continuous noise (pink noise) per se improves or disturbs sleep, we will investigate changes in novel and classical indictors of sleep architecture and disturbance induced by pink noise relative to quiet baseline nights. Sub-aim 2: To determine if pink noise reduces sleep disturbance by traffic noise, we will investigate changes in sleep fragmentation and continuity, and cortical and autonomic arousal, from nights with both traffic noise and pink noise compared to nights with traffic noise only.
The study will be conducted at in the University of Gothenburg sound environment laboratory (SEL). The SEL is a high fidelity research laboratory equipped to simulate a typical apartment, including three individually light-, sound- and vibration-isolated private bedrooms. Ceiling mounted speakers in each room allow us to create a realistic acoustic environment by transmitting sound exposures from the control room to each bedroom individually.
This study has a prospective within-subjects cross-over design. Participants (N=12) will each spend five consecutive nights in the SEL with a sleep opportunity between 23:00-07:00. Daytime sleep will be prohibited, confirmed with measures of daytime activity via wrist actigraphy monitors worn continuously throughout the study. Three subjects will take part concurrently, in separate bedrooms. The first night is a habituation period to the study protocol and for familiarisation with the test procedures. Study nights 2-5 are the experimental nights and will be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to one night of each of the following:
Quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Traffic noise night to determine consequences of noise-disrupted sleep; Pink noise night: To determine impact of continuous pink noise on sleep; Traffic + pink noise night: simultaneous traffic and pink noise at the same sound pressure levels as in the traffic-only and pink noise-only nights, to determine sleep-protecting effects of pink noise in the face of traffic noise.
Each night we will record physiologic sleep with polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG). Each study morning, subjects will provide a 2ml blood sample, complete cognitive testing and answer questionnaires and will depart the SEL to follow their normal daytime routine. They will return to the SEL at 20:00 each evening to prepare for sleep measurements. Caffeine will be prohibited after 15:00 and alcohol will be prohibited at all times. Because sound-induced auditory fatigue may be affected by noise exposure during participant's normal routines,60 they will wear a noise dosimeter during the week of the study to record their daytime noise exposure. Because extreme and/or variable dietary behaviour can affect the metabolome/lipoprotein profile, participants will be given guidance that they should eat a similar evening meal on each day of the laboratory study, confirmed with a food diary, The actual meal itself can be different for different study participants, because the study has a within-subjects design.
Sleep will be recorded with ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG) and finger pulse photoplethysmogram. Data are recorded offline onto the sleep recorder, and will be downloaded and checked every study morning to ensure data quality. In addition to traditional sleep analysis performed by the research group at the University of Gothenburg, raw PSG data will be used to calculate the Odds Ratio Project, a novel metric of sleep depth and stability.
Each study morning subjects will provide a 2 ml blood sample for plasma metabolomics analysis. To ensure reliable data, blood samples will be taken at the same time every day to mitigate circadian effects, before eating or drinking anything except water, and each sample will be handled in the same way i.e. centrifuged, aliquoted and stored in -80C freezers. Subjects will eat the same food each study evening to mitigate within-subject dietary effects on the blood metabolome.
Each morning, subjects will complete a computerised cognitive test battery taking approximately 20 minutes, that includes 10 tests across a range of cognitive domains (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance). Cognition data will be analysed to determine key measures of cognitive speed and accuracy, adjusting for practice effects and the difficulty of the stimulus set.
Subjects will complete a battery of one-time validated questionnaires to measure their general health (SF-36), chronotype, noise sensitivity, habitual sleep quality, environmental sensitivity, and annoyance and sleep disturbance by noise. Subjects will also answer a questionnaire each study evening and morning, involving questions on sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), auditory fatigue, sleep disturbance by noise, and validated sleep and disturbance questions.
Subjects will wear a noise dosimeter during the week of the study to record their daytime noise exposure (sound pressure level only, no actual sound recordings).
Participants will wear a wrist actigraphy monitor continuously throughout the study period, and also for the week before the study, to confirm habitual sleep-wake times and to measure physical activity levels.
- Being tested
- Pink noise exposure, Traffic noise
- Keywords
- neurobehavioral performance, white noise, auditory fatigue, polysomnography, metabolomics
- Medical subject headings
- Parasomnias, Sleep Hygiene
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Pink noise exposureRadiation
Continuous pink noise sound exposure at 45 dBA, throughout the whole night
Traffic noiseRadiation
120 traffic noise events (40 each of road, rail and aircraft), introduced at maximum sound pressure levels ranging between 45-65 dB LAS.max.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control | No intervention | Single study night with no noise exposure, to determine normal baseline sleep |
| Traffic noise | Experimental | Single study night with traffic noise events, to determine consequences of sleep disturbance by traffic noise Receives: Radiation: Traffic noise |
| Pink noise | Experimental | Single study night to measure the effects of a non-pharmacological intervention to promote sleep, pink noise. Receives: Radiation: Pink noise exposure |
| Traffic noise + pink noise | Experimental | Single study night with concurrent traffic noise events and continuous pink noise sound exposure. Night is used to determine attenuation of sleep disturbance by traffic noise due to introduction of pink noise. Receives: Radiation: Pink noise exposure; Radiation: Traffic noise |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Metabolomics and lipids
Concentrations of 41 metabolites, including amino acids, amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, choline, keto acids, sugars, and sulfones. Lipoprotein profile, including concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and apolipoproteins.
Measured: On each of the five study mornings
Baseline total sleep time
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the traffic noise night
Total sleep time during exposure to pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the pink noise night
Total sleep time during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Total amount of baseline N1 sleep
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Total amount of baseline N2 sleep
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Total amount of baseline N3 sleep
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Total amount of baseline rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the traffic noise night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the traffic noise night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the traffic noise night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the traffic noise night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the pink noise night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the pink noise night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the pink noise night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the pink noise night
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO)
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to pink noise
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Pink noise night
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline number of awakenings
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Control night
Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise night
Number of awakenings during exposure to pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Pink noise night
Number of awakenings during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline sleep onset latency (SOL)
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Control night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Traffic noise night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to pink noise
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Pink noise night
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Traffic noise + Pink noise night
Baseline sleep efficiency
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Control night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Traffic noise night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to pink noise
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Pink noise night
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP)
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Measured: During the Control night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Measured: During the Traffic noise night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to pink noise
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Measured: During the Pink noise night
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise and pink noise
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Spontaneous maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP)
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over 120 sham noise events during the night.
Measured: During the Control night
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise events
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Measured: During the Traffic noise night
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise events
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Measured: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Spontaneous change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to pink noise
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over 120 sham noise events during the night.
Measured: During the Pink noise night
Baseline morning neurobehavioural speed
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to pink noise
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline morning neurobehavioural accuracy
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to pink noise
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline evening neurobehavioural speed
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Control night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to pink noise
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Pink noise night
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline evening neurobehavioural accuracy
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Control night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to pink noise
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Pink noise night
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Measured: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Baseline Ethanol concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline 2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Alanine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Asparagine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Creatine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Creatinine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Glutamine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Glycine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Histidine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Leucine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Lysine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Methionine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Ornithine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Proline concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Threonine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Valine concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline 2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Citric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Formic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Choline concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline 2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline 3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Acetone concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Glucose concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Glycerol concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Baseline Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L)
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Measured: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Secondary outcomes (5)
Cardiovascular activation in response to noise
Change in heart rate (ECG)
Measured: Event-related, occurring within the time window of each discrete noise event, during each of the five study nights (23:00 to 07:00)
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Measured: Every study evening
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
The scale is a 9-level verbal scale from 1 - "Extremely alert" (best outcome) to 9 - "Very sleepy. great effort to keep alert, fighting sleep" (worst outcome)
Measured: Every study morning
Evening auditory fatigue
Perceived auditory fatigue, self-reported on a 5-point verbal scale, from 1 - "Not at all" (best outcome) to 5 - "Extremely" (worst outcome)
Measured: Every study evening
Morning auditory fatigue
Perceived auditory fatigue, self-reported on a 5-point verbal scale, from 1 - "Not at all" (best outcome) to 5 - "Extremely" (worst outcome)
Measured: Every study morning
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Apr 2022
- Study start24 Apr 2022
- Primary completion3 Jun 2022
- Study completion3 Jun 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Noise ExposureStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Göteborg UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- All participants will be exposed to each of the different noise exposure conditions. Each study night is treated as a separate arm of the crossover study. The order of the noise exposure conditions will be be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to one night of each of the following: Quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Traffic noise night to determine consequences of noise-disrupted sleep; Pink noise night: To determine impact of continuous pink noise on sleep; Traffic + pink noise night: simultaneous traffic and pink noise at the same sound pressure levels as in the traffic-only and pink noise-only nights, to determine sleep-protecting effects of pink noise in the face of traffic noise.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Göteborg University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Pennsylvania, University of Manitoba
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Michael G Smith, PhD, Principal investigator, Göteborg University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05319262
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 234826201
- Status last verified
- Jun 2022
- First submitted
- 9 Mar 2022
- Last updated
- 22 Jun 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Vincens N, Nause A, Basner M, Fredriksson S, Malmodin D, Bay Nord A, Persson Waye K, Younes M, Zou D, Smith MG. Pink noise reduces impact of traffic noise on sleep and the blood metabolome: a cross-over pilot study. Commun Med (Lond). 2026 Jan 10;6(1):114. doi: 10.1038/s43856-026-01380-5.
PubMed 41513961
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Jun 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Metabolic and Cognitive Consequences of Noise-induced Sleep Disturbance
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05319262
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 234826201
- Keywords
- neurobehavioral performance, white noise, auditory fatigue, polysomnography, metabolomics
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Göteborg UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Pennsylvania, University of Manitoba
- Study start
- 24 Apr 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 3 Jun 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 3 Jun 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Apr 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will investigate the biological mechanisms linking sleep disruption by noise and the development of disease. In a laboratory sleep study, we will play traffic sounds of different types (road, rail and air) and noise levels during the night. We will also have nights with sound from so-called "white noise machines". These generate a low-level and continuous noise that may improve sleep by "masking" the traffic noises that would otherwise disturb sleep. We will also measure objective sleep quality and quantity, cognitive performance across multiple domains, self-reported sleep and wellbeing outcomes, and blood samples. Blood samples will be analysed to identify metabolic changes in different nights. Identifying biomarkers that are impacted by sleep fragmentation will establish the currently unclear pathways by which chronic noise exposure at night can lead to the development of diseases in the long term, especially cardiometabolic disorders.
Detailed description
The experimental sleep study has the overarching goal of deepening our understanding of experimentally-induced disruption of sleep and changes in metabolic and cognitive function, and to determine the efficacy of a potential non-pharmacological intervention to promote sleep. To this end, the study will address the following independent aims:
Aim 1: Determine associations between novel physiologic markers of sleep and metabolic and cognitive function. We will measure the sleep of healthy volunteers using novel and classical indictors of sleep architecture. Each morning we will obtain blood samples for metabolomics analysis and administer a neurocognitive test battery.
Aim 2: Determine the biological and neurobehavioral consequences of noise-disrupted sleep. We will compare effects on sleep, metabolomics and cognitive function between quiet nights and nights with traffic noise.
Aim 3: Evaluate the effects of continuous pink noise throughout the night. Sub-aim 1: To determine if continuous noise (pink noise) per se improves or disturbs sleep, we will investigate changes in novel and classical indictors of sleep architecture and disturbance induced by pink noise relative to quiet baseline nights. Sub-aim 2: To determine if pink noise reduces sleep disturbance by traffic noise, we will investigate changes in sleep fragmentation and continuity, and cortical and autonomic arousal, from nights with both traffic noise and pink noise compared to nights with traffic noise only.
The study will be conducted at in the University of Gothenburg sound environment laboratory (SEL). The SEL is a high fidelity research laboratory equipped to simulate a typical apartment, including three individually light-, sound- and vibration-isolated private bedrooms. Ceiling mounted speakers in each room allow us to create a realistic acoustic environment by transmitting sound exposures from the control room to each bedroom individually.
This study has a prospective within-subjects cross-over design. Participants (N=12) will each spend five consecutive nights in the SEL with a sleep opportunity between 23:00-07:00. Daytime sleep will be prohibited, confirmed with measures of daytime activity via wrist actigraphy monitors worn continuously throughout the study. Three subjects will take part concurrently, in separate bedrooms. The first night is a habituation period to the study protocol and for familiarisation with the test procedures. Study nights 2-5 are the experimental nights and will be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to one night of each of the following:
Quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Traffic noise night to determine consequences of noise-disrupted sleep; Pink noise night: To determine impact of continuous pink noise on sleep; Traffic + pink noise night: simultaneous traffic and pink noise at the same sound pressure levels as in the traffic-only and pink noise-only nights, to determine sleep-protecting effects of pink noise in the face of traffic noise.
Each night we will record physiologic sleep with polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG). Each study morning, subjects will provide a 2ml blood sample, complete cognitive testing and answer questionnaires and will depart the SEL to follow their normal daytime routine. They will return to the SEL at 20:00 each evening to prepare for sleep measurements. Caffeine will be prohibited after 15:00 and alcohol will be prohibited at all times. Because sound-induced auditory fatigue may be affected by noise exposure during participant's normal routines,60 they will wear a noise dosimeter during the week of the study to record their daytime noise exposure. Because extreme and/or variable dietary behaviour can affect the metabolome/lipoprotein profile, participants will be given guidance that they should eat a similar evening meal on each day of the laboratory study, confirmed with a food diary, The actual meal itself can be different for different study participants, because the study has a within-subjects design.
Sleep will be recorded with ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and cardiac activity with electrocardiography (ECG) and finger pulse photoplethysmogram. Data are recorded offline onto the sleep recorder, and will be downloaded and checked every study morning to ensure data quality. In addition to traditional sleep analysis performed by the research group at the University of Gothenburg, raw PSG data will be used to calculate the Odds Ratio Project, a novel metric of sleep depth and stability.
Each study morning subjects will provide a 2 ml blood sample for plasma metabolomics analysis. To ensure reliable data, blood samples will be taken at the same time every day to mitigate circadian effects, before eating or drinking anything except water, and each sample will be handled in the same way i.e. centrifuged, aliquoted and stored in -80C freezers. Subjects will eat the same food each study evening to mitigate within-subject dietary effects on the blood metabolome.
Each morning, subjects will complete a computerised cognitive test battery taking approximately 20 minutes, that includes 10 tests across a range of cognitive domains (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance). Cognition data will be analysed to determine key measures of cognitive speed and accuracy, adjusting for practice effects and the difficulty of the stimulus set.
Subjects will complete a battery of one-time validated questionnaires to measure their general health (SF-36), chronotype, noise sensitivity, habitual sleep quality, environmental sensitivity, and annoyance and sleep disturbance by noise. Subjects will also answer a questionnaire each study evening and morning, involving questions on sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), auditory fatigue, sleep disturbance by noise, and validated sleep and disturbance questions.
Subjects will wear a noise dosimeter during the week of the study to record their daytime noise exposure (sound pressure level only, no actual sound recordings).
Participants will wear a wrist actigraphy monitor continuously throughout the study period, and also for the week before the study, to confirm habitual sleep-wake times and to measure physical activity levels.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- All participants will be exposed to each of the different noise exposure conditions. Each study night is treated as a separate arm of the crossover study. The order of the noise exposure conditions will be be randomly assigned across participants using a Latin square design to avoid first-order carryover effects. Each subject will be exposed to one night of each of the following: Quiet night: No noise will be played, serving as a control night to assess individual baseline sleep, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance; Traffic noise night to determine consequences of noise-disrupted sleep; Pink noise night: To determine impact of continuous pink noise on sleep; Traffic + pink noise night: simultaneous traffic and pink noise at the same sound pressure levels as in the traffic-only and pink noise-only nights, to determine sleep-protecting effects of pink noise in the face of traffic noise.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control | No intervention | –Single study night with no noise exposure, to determine normal baseline sleep |
| Traffic noise | Experimental | Radiation: Traffic noiseSingle study night with traffic noise events, to determine consequences of sleep disturbance by traffic noise |
| Pink noise | Experimental | Radiation: Pink noise exposureSingle study night to measure the effects of a non-pharmacological intervention to promote sleep, pink noise. |
| Traffic noise + pink noise | Experimental | Radiation: Pink noise exposure, Radiation: Traffic noiseSingle study night with concurrent traffic noise events and continuous pink noise sound exposure. Night is used to determine attenuation of sleep disturbance by traffic noise due to introduction of pink noise. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- 1) live in or around the city of Gothenburg area (Sweden)
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- aged <18 or >30 years;
- habitual sleep and wake timings more than ±1 hour different from the study sleep times (i.e. habitual sleep time should be 22:00-00:00 and habitual wake time should be 06:00-08:00);
- BMI>25 kg/m2;
- regular sleep medication use (prescribed or "over-the-counter");
- poor hearing acuity (measured during screening via pure tone audiometry);
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Pink noise exposureContinuous pink noise sound exposure at 45 dBA, throughout the whole night | Radiation | Pink noise, Traffic noise + pink noise |
| Traffic noise120 traffic noise events (40 each of road, rail and aircraft), introduced at maximum sound pressure levels ranging between 45-65 dB LAS.max. | Radiation | Traffic noise, Traffic noise + pink noise |
Primary outcome
Metabolomics and lipids
Time frame: On each of the five study mornings
Concentrations of 41 metabolites, including amino acids, amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, choline, keto acids, sugars, and sulfones. Lipoprotein profile, including concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and apolipoproteins.
Baseline total sleep time
Time frame: During the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total sleep time during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the traffic noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total sleep time during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total sleep time during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of baseline N1 sleep
Time frame: During the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of baseline N2 sleep
Time frame: During the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of baseline N3 sleep
Time frame: During the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of baseline rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Time frame: During the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the traffic noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the traffic noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the traffic noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the traffic noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N1 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N2 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of N3 sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Total amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Baseline wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO)
Time frame: During the Control night
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the Traffic noise night
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the Pink noise night
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Total number of minutes awake during the night after the first appearance of sleep of any stage. Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Baseline number of awakenings
Time frame: During the Control night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Number of awakenings during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the Traffic noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Number of awakenings during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the Pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Number of awakenings during exposure to traffic noise + pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines
Baseline sleep onset latency (SOL)
Time frame: During the Control night
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the Traffic noise night
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the Pink noise night
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Sleep onset latency (SOL) during exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + Pink noise night
Defined as the time from lights out to the first epoch of sleep measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Baseline sleep efficiency
Time frame: During the Control night
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the Traffic noise night
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Sleep efficiency during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the Pink noise night
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Sleep efficiency during exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Defined as the percentage of time in bed spent in a non-wake sleep stage, measured via polysomnography/EEG, scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.
Baseline sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP)
Time frame: During the Control night
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: During the Traffic noise night
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the Pink noise night
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Sleep depth assessed using the odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise and pink noise
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Average ORP over the full night, from 0 (never occurs during wake) to 2.5 (only occurs during wake). Derived via polysomnography/EEG measurements.
Spontaneous maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP)
Time frame: During the Control night
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over 120 sham noise events during the night.
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise events
Time frame: During the Traffic noise night
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Maximal change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to traffic noise events
Time frame: During the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over all 120 noise events during the night.
Spontaneous change of odds ratio product (ORP) during exposure to pink noise
Time frame: During the Pink noise night
Primary measure of acute sleep disruption by noise, calculated as the difference between the ORP in the 30s prior to noise onset and the maximum ORP during traffic noise. Averaged over 120 sham noise events during the night.
Baseline morning neurobehavioural speed
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Morning neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Baseline morning neurobehavioural accuracy
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Morning neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Average of one key accuracy indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Baseline evening neurobehavioural speed
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Control night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to pink noise
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Pink noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Evening neurobehavioural speed after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 10 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, balloon analog risk, psychomotor vigilance)
Baseline evening neurobehavioural accuracy
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Control night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to pink noise
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Pink noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Evening neurobehavioural accuracy after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the evening of the day following the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Average of one key speed indicator from each of 9 cognitive tests (motor praxis, visual object learning, fractal 2-back, abstract matching, line orientation, emotion recognition, matrix reasoning, digit symbol substitution, psychomotor vigilance)
Baseline Ethanol concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline 2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Alanine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Asparagine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Creatine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Creatinine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Glutamine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Glycine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Histidine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Leucine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Lysine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Methionine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Ornithine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Proline concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Threonine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Valine concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline 2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Citric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Formic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Choline concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline 2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline 3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Acetone concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Glucose concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Glycerol concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Baseline Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L)
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Control night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Ethanol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Aminobutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Alanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Asparagine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Creatine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glutamic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glutamine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Histidine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Isoleucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Leucine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Lysine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Methionine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
N,N-Dimethylglycine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Ornithine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Phenylalanine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Proline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Sarcosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Threonine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Tyrosine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Valine concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Citric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Formic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Lactic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Succinic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Choline concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
2-Oxoglutaric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
3-Hydroxybutyric acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetoacetic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Acetone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Pyruvic acid concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
D-Galactose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glucose concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Glycerol concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
Dimethylsulfone concentration (mmol/L) after exposure to nocturnal traffic and pink noise
Time frame: In the morning immediately after the Traffic noise + pink noise night
Determined from NMR analysis of blood plasma
5 secondary outcomes
Cardiovascular activation in response to noise
Time frame: Event-related, occurring within the time window of each discrete noise event, during each of the five study nights (23:00 to 07:00)
Evening subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
Time frame: Every study evening
Morning subjective sleepiness, assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
Time frame: Every study morning
Evening auditory fatigue
Time frame: Every study evening
Morning auditory fatigue
Time frame: Every study morning
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Jun 2022.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41513961Vincens N, Nause A, Basner M, Fredriksson S, Malmodin D, Bay Nord A, Persson Waye K, Younes M, Zou D, Smith MG. Pink noise reduces impact of traffic noise on sleep and the blood metabolome: a cross-over pilot study. Commun Med (Lond). 2026 Jan 10;6(1):114. doi: 10.1038/s43856-026-01380-5.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Michael G Smith, PhD principal investigator
Göteborg University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Pink noise exposure and Traffic noise in people with Noise Exposure and Sleep Disturbance, run by Göteborg University at 1 site in Sweden.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Jun 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Sweden. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Metabolomics and lipids (time frame: On each of the five study mornings). The study lists 217 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05319262, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Jun 2022.