Behavioral HealthNCT05229120
Improving Delay Discounting to Decrease Harsh Parenting Among Parents Receiving Substance Use Treatment
A study testing Episodic Future Thinking in people with Behavioral Health, run by Henry Ford Health System at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Parents with substance use disorders are disproportionately more likely to engage in harsh physical discipline, which can lead to serious clinical outcomes, including child maltreatment and the intergenerational transmission of addictive disorders. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Behavioral Health
- What is being tested?
- Episodic Future Thinking
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 38 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 7 Apr 2022to 31 Mar 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Parent of child between 6-10 years of age
- Able to provide informed consent and take part in all study procedures in English
- Have current diagnosis of SUD
- Currently reside with their child at least 50% of the time
- Be willing to receive daily postcards
Who cannot join
- Active suicidality/homicidally
- Active bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or psychosis.
- Only one parent-child dyad from each family.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Improving Delay Discounting to Decrease Harsh Parenting Among Parents Receiving Substance Use Treatment in Low Income Community
Parents with substance use disorders are disproportionately more likely to engage in harsh physical discipline, which can lead to serious clinical outcomes, including child maltreatment and the intergenerational transmission of addictive disorders. One mechanism linking substance use and maladaptive parenting strategies is parental delay discounting, or the tendency to value smaller, immediate rewards (such as stopping children's misbehavior via physical punishment) relative to larger, but delayed rewards (like shaping adaptive child behaviors over time). This study will examine the efficacy of implementing a low-cost, brief intervention targeting the reduction of parental delay discounting to inform broader public health efforts aimed at reducing child maltreatment and interrupting intergenerational cycles of substance abuse in traditionally underserved communities.
Read the detailed description
Parents with substance use disorders (SUD) are significantly more likely to engage in harsh parenting practices, including spanking, hitting, and belittling their children, than parents without SUD. Punitive physical and emotional discipline is, in turn, associated with increased rates of child maltreatment and the subsequent intergenerational transmission of substance use disorders. Parents in residential substance use treatment facilities are among those at highest risk for perpetrating harsh and abusive parenting; yet most behaviorally based parenting interventions available within inpatient settings do not take into account the unique mechanisms linking parental substance use to harsh parenting. Specifically, parents with SUD may be at heightened risk for engaging in maladaptive parenting approaches given a tendency to prioritize immediate rewards (such as stopping a child's misbehavior using physical punishment) relative to larger, but delayed rewards (including shaping positive child behavior over a longer term). This behavioral tendency is known as delay discounting and recent findings suggest that rates of delay discounting predict parents' use of harsh physical discipline. Existing research also indicates a strong link between steeper (more problematic) rates of delay discounting and the severity of alcohol and illicit drug use across the lifespan. Thus, delay discounting may represent a specific vulnerability underlying both harsh parenting and disordered substance use. The current project proposes to pilot and feasibility test an adapted episodic future thinking (EFT) intervention to target the reduction of parenting-related delay discounting and examine its effects on parenting practices among families in a residential substance use treatment setting. The intervention will be delivered by peer recovery coaches who are already employed in the center.
- Conditions
- Behavioral Health
- Being tested
- Episodic Future Thinking
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, delay discounting, parent-child relations, low income, substance use treatment
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Episodic Future ThinkingBehavioural
The adapted episodic future thinking (EFT) intervention will focus on generation of vivid, substance-free, rewarding events that could happen in the future with their children.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Episodic Future Thinking | Experimental | Parents who are receiving residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment will receive an adapted episodic future thinking focused condition. Parents will meet with peer recovery coaches (PRCs) who will administer the intervention, focused on generating future, pleasant events with their children. After the intervention session, parents will receive a daily postcard over the course of two weeks including a reminder cue generated as part of the episodic future thinking (EFT) intervention and a prompt to remember these episodes in vivid detail. Receives: Behavioral: Episodic Future Thinking |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Delay Discounting 5 Trial Adjusted Measure
The 5-Trial Adjusting Delay (Temporal Discounting) Task is a computer based system which uses an adjusting algorithm to determine the amount of immediately available money that is equivalent to a large sum that is delayed by seven discrete durations of time presented in a randomized order (i.e., 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, 5 years, and 25 years). The length of delay is titrated based on participants' responses to previous items to determine an "indifference point" (the point at which the sums of money are perceived as equal). This is then converted to a k-value and logarithmically transformed to ensure the values are normally distributed, making them unbounded by min and max values. Higher k-values indicate a greater preference for immediate rewards. Change in Delay Discounting is evaluated by comparing baseline k-value scores with scores at the intervention (approximately 1 week after baseline) and the post-intervention assessment (approximately 4 weeks after baseline).
Measured: Baseline and 4 weeks
Change in Consideration of Future Consequences Scale - Parenting Adapted
The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale-Parenting Adapted (CFCS-14-PA) is a 14-item self-report questionnaire composed of two subscales reflecting either immediate or future orientation related to parents interactions with their children. Items range from "not at all like me" (1) to "very much like me" (5) and are summed to create a total score with higher values reflecting greater future orientation. Scores range from 14 to 70. Change in CFCS-14-PA score is measured by comparing scores at the post-intervention assessment (approximately 4 weeks after baseline) with baseline scores.
Measured: Baseline, 4 weeks
Secondary outcomes (2)
Change in Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System Scores
Parents and their children will complete a 20-minute interaction task, including 5 min. of free play, a 10 min. "homework" task, and a 5 min. clean up task. Interactions are recorded and coded using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS), measuring the quality of parent and child interactions. The task is coded for 7 subscales, yielding 2 composite scores: positive parenting (a sum of: unlabeled praise, labeled praise, positive touch, reflection, and behavior description) and negative parenting (a sum of: negative talk and negative touch). Each instance of a behaviors described in the subscale (e.g., a parent giving unlabeled praise) is coded as one "point," which are summed into a subscale (no max or min values). Higher values indicate greater positive or negative parenting. Change in positive parenting and negative parenting scores will be calculated by comparing baseline scores with scores at the post-intervention sessions (approximately 4 weeks after baseline).
Measured: Baseline, 4 weeks
Change in Alabama Parenting Questionnaire Scores
The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) is a 42-item self-report measure of parenting behaviors which yields five subscales: (1) positive involvement with children (range 10-50, higher = more involvement), (2) use of positive parenting strategies (range 6-30, higher = more positive strategies), (3) poor parental monitoring/supervision (range 10-50, higher = worse supervision), (4) inconsistent discipline (range 6-30, higher = more inconsistent discipline), and (5) use of corporal punishment (range 3-15, higher = more corporal punishment). Items are summed to create subscale scores. Change in each of the five APQ subscale scores will be measured by comparing post-intervention scores (approximately 4 weeks after baseline) with baseline scores.
Measured: Baseline, 4 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Feb 2022
- Study start7 Apr 2022
- Primary completion10 Feb 2023
- Study completion31 Mar 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (17)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Behavioral HealthStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 38 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Henry Ford Health System
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Maryland, College Park, University of Kansas
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Julia Felton, Henry Ford Health System
- Investigators
- Julia Felton, PhD, Principal investigator, Henry Ford Health
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05229120
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NAP: 14781-29
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 18 Jan 2022
- Last updated
- 14 Mar 2025
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Staton-Tindall M, Sprang G, Clark J, Walker-Barnes R, Craig CD. Caregiver Substance Use and Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2013;13(1):6-31. doi:10.1080/1533256X.2013.752272
Committee on Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade: Phase II; Board on Children, Youth, and Families; Committee on Law and Justice; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council; Petersen AC, Joseph J, Feit M, editors. New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Mar 25. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK195985/
PubMed 24757747Herrenkohl RC, Herrenkohl EC, Egolf BP. Circumstances surrounding the occurrence of child maltreatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983 Jun;51(3):424-31. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.424. No abstract available.
PubMed 6863704Whipple EE, Richey CA. Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: how much is too much? Child Abuse Negl. 1997 May;21(5):431-44. doi: 10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00004-5.
PubMed 9158904Alati R, Baker P, Betts KS, Connor JP, Little K, Sanson A, Olsson CA. The role of parental alcohol use, parental discipline and antisocial behaviour on adolescent drinking trajectories. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Jan 1;134:178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.030.
PubMed 24479151Young NK, Boles SM, Otero C. Parental substance use disorders and child maltreatment: overlap, gaps, and opportunities. Child Maltreat. 2007 May;12(2):137-49. doi: 10.1177/1077559507300322.
PubMed 17446567Reynolds B. A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling. Behav Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;17(8):651-67. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3280115f99.
PubMed 17110792Bickel WK, Marsch LA. Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes. Addiction. 2001 Jan;96(1):73-86. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x.
PubMed 11177521Amlung M, Vedelago L, Acker J, Balodis I, MacKillop J. Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations. Addiction. 2017 Jan;112(1):51-62. doi: 10.1111/add.13535. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
PubMed 27450931MacKillop J, Amlung MT, Few LR, Ray LA, Sweet LH, Munafo MR. Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Aug;216(3):305-21. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
PubMed 21373791Felton JW, Collado A, Ingram K, Lejuez CW, Yi R. Changes in delay discounting, substance use, and weight status across adolescence. Health Psychol. 2020 May;39(5):413-420. doi: 10.1037/hea0000833. Epub 2020 Jan 9.
PubMed 31916829Milligan K, Meixner T, Tremblay M, Tarasoff LA, Usher A, Smith A, Niccols A, Urbanoski KA. Parenting Interventions for Mothers With Problematic Substance Use: A Systematic Review of Research and Community Practice. Child Maltreat. 2020 Aug;25(3):247-262. doi: 10.1177/1077559519873047. Epub 2019 Oct 14.
PubMed 31610688Neger EN, Prinz RJ. Interventions to address parenting and parental substance abuse: conceptual and methodological considerations. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015 Jul;39:71-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.04.004. Epub 2015 Apr 24.
PubMed 25939033Kaminski JW, Valle LA, Filene JH, Boyle CL. A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 May;36(4):567-89. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9. Epub 2008 Jan 19.
PubMed 18205039Liu L, Feng T, Chen J, Li H. The value of emotion: how does episodic prospection modulate delay discounting? PLoS One. 2013 Nov 28;8(11):e81717. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081717. eCollection 2013.
PubMed 24312341
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Mar 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Improving Delay Discounting to Decrease Harsh Parenting Among Parents Receiving Substance Use Treatment in Low Income Community
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05229120
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NAP: 14781-29
- Conditions
- Behavioral Health
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, delay discounting, parent-child relations, low income, substance use treatment
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 38 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Henry Ford Health SystemUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Maryland, College Park, University of Kansas
- Study start
- 7 Apr 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Mar 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Feb 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 14 Mar 2025
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Parents with substance use disorders are disproportionately more likely to engage in harsh physical discipline, which can lead to serious clinical outcomes, including child maltreatment and the intergenerational transmission of addictive disorders. One mechanism linking substance use and maladaptive parenting strategies is parental delay discounting, or the tendency to value smaller, immediate rewards (such as stopping children's misbehavior via physical punishment) relative to larger, but delayed rewards (like shaping adaptive child behaviors over time). This study will examine the efficacy of implementing a low-cost, brief intervention targeting the reduction of parental delay discounting to inform broader public health efforts aimed at reducing child maltreatment and interrupting intergenerational cycles of substance abuse in traditionally underserved communities.
Detailed description
Parents with substance use disorders (SUD) are significantly more likely to engage in harsh parenting practices, including spanking, hitting, and belittling their children, than parents without SUD. Punitive physical and emotional discipline is, in turn, associated with increased rates of child maltreatment and the subsequent intergenerational transmission of substance use disorders. Parents in residential substance use treatment facilities are among those at highest risk for perpetrating harsh and abusive parenting; yet most behaviorally based parenting interventions available within inpatient settings do not take into account the unique mechanisms linking parental substance use to harsh parenting. Specifically, parents with SUD may be at heightened risk for engaging in maladaptive parenting approaches given a tendency to prioritize immediate rewards (such as stopping a child's misbehavior using physical punishment) relative to larger, but delayed rewards (including shaping positive child behavior over a longer term). This behavioral tendency is known as delay discounting and recent findings suggest that rates of delay discounting predict parents' use of harsh physical discipline. Existing research also indicates a strong link between steeper (more problematic) rates of delay discounting and the severity of alcohol and illicit drug use across the lifespan. Thus, delay discounting may represent a specific vulnerability underlying both harsh parenting and disordered substance use. The current project proposes to pilot and feasibility test an adapted episodic future thinking (EFT) intervention to target the reduction of parenting-related delay discounting and examine its effects on parenting practices among families in a residential substance use treatment setting. The intervention will be delivered by peer recovery coaches who are already employed in the center.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Episodic Future Thinking | Experimental | Behavioral: Episodic Future ThinkingParents who are receiving residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment will receive an adapted episodic future thinking focused condition. Parents will meet with peer recovery coaches (PRCs) who will administer the intervention, focused on generating future, pleasant events with their children. After the intervention session, parents will receive a daily postcard over the course of two weeks including a reminder cue generated as part of the episodic future thinking (EFT) intervention and a prompt to remember these episodes in vivid detail. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Parent of child between 6-10 years of age
- Able to provide informed consent and take part in all study procedures in English
- Have current diagnosis of SUD
- Currently reside with their child at least 50% of the time
- Be willing to receive daily postcards
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Active suicidality/homicidally
- Active bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or psychosis.
- Only one parent-child dyad from each family.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Episodic Future ThinkingThe adapted episodic future thinking (EFT) intervention will focus on generation of vivid, substance-free, rewarding events that could happen in the future with their children. | Behavioural | Episodic Future Thinking |
Primary outcome
Change in Delay Discounting 5 Trial Adjusted Measure
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
The 5-Trial Adjusting Delay (Temporal Discounting) Task is a computer based system which uses an adjusting algorithm to determine the amount of immediately available money that is equivalent to a large sum that is delayed by seven discrete durations of time presented in a randomized order (i.e., 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, 5 years, and 25 years). The length of delay is titrated based on participants' responses to previous items to determine an "indifference point" (the point at which the sums of money are perceived as equal). This is then converted to a k-value and logarithmically transformed to ensure the values are normally distributed, making them unbounded by min and max values. Higher k-values indicate a greater preference for immediate rewards. Change in Delay Discounting is evaluated by comparing baseline k-value scores with scores at the intervention (approximately 1 week after baseline) and the post-intervention assessment (approximately 4 weeks after baseline).
Change in Consideration of Future Consequences Scale - Parenting Adapted
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks
The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale-Parenting Adapted (CFCS-14-PA) is a 14-item self-report questionnaire composed of two subscales reflecting either immediate or future orientation related to parents interactions with their children. Items range from "not at all like me" (1) to "very much like me" (5) and are summed to create a total score with higher values reflecting greater future orientation. Scores range from 14 to 70. Change in CFCS-14-PA score is measured by comparing scores at the post-intervention assessment (approximately 4 weeks after baseline) with baseline scores.
2 secondary outcomes
Change in Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System Scores
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks
Change in Alabama Parenting Questionnaire Scores
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Mar 2025.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- BackgroundStaton-Tindall M, Sprang G, Clark J, Walker-Barnes R, Craig CD. Caregiver Substance Use and Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. 2013;13(1):6-31. doi:10.1080/1533256X.2013.752272
- Background: PubMed 24757747Committee on Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade: Phase II; Board on Children, Youth, and Families; Committee on Law and Justice; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council; Petersen AC, Joseph J, Feit M, editors. New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Mar 25. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK195985/
- Background: PubMed 6863704Herrenkohl RC, Herrenkohl EC, Egolf BP. Circumstances surrounding the occurrence of child maltreatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983 Jun;51(3):424-31. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.424. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 9158904Whipple EE, Richey CA. Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: how much is too much? Child Abuse Negl. 1997 May;21(5):431-44. doi: 10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00004-5.
- Background: PubMed 24479151Alati R, Baker P, Betts KS, Connor JP, Little K, Sanson A, Olsson CA. The role of parental alcohol use, parental discipline and antisocial behaviour on adolescent drinking trajectories. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Jan 1;134:178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.030.
- Background: PubMed 17446567Young NK, Boles SM, Otero C. Parental substance use disorders and child maltreatment: overlap, gaps, and opportunities. Child Maltreat. 2007 May;12(2):137-49. doi: 10.1177/1077559507300322.
- Background: PubMed 17110792Reynolds B. A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling. Behav Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;17(8):651-67. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3280115f99.
- Background: PubMed 11177521Bickel WK, Marsch LA. Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes. Addiction. 2001 Jan;96(1):73-86. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x.
- Background: PubMed 27450931Amlung M, Vedelago L, Acker J, Balodis I, MacKillop J. Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations. Addiction. 2017 Jan;112(1):51-62. doi: 10.1111/add.13535. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
- Background: PubMed 21373791MacKillop J, Amlung MT, Few LR, Ray LA, Sweet LH, Munafo MR. Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Aug;216(3):305-21. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
- Background: PubMed 31916829Felton JW, Collado A, Ingram K, Lejuez CW, Yi R. Changes in delay discounting, substance use, and weight status across adolescence. Health Psychol. 2020 May;39(5):413-420. doi: 10.1037/hea0000833. Epub 2020 Jan 9.
- Background: PubMed 31610688Milligan K, Meixner T, Tremblay M, Tarasoff LA, Usher A, Smith A, Niccols A, Urbanoski KA. Parenting Interventions for Mothers With Problematic Substance Use: A Systematic Review of Research and Community Practice. Child Maltreat. 2020 Aug;25(3):247-262. doi: 10.1177/1077559519873047. Epub 2019 Oct 14.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Julia Felton, PhD principal investigator
Henry Ford Health
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Episodic Future Thinking in people with Behavioral Health, run by Henry Ford Health System at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Mar 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 14 Mar 2025). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Delay Discounting 5 Trial Adjusted Measure (time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05229120, which also lists 17 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Mar 2025.