Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean SectionNCT05135026
Ultrasonography and Health Education Can Reduce the Unnecessary Caesarean Section in Bangladesh
A study testing Ultrasonograpgy in people with Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section and Increase Institutional Delivery, run by Hiroshima University at 1 site in Bangladesh.
Trial summary
A caesarean section (C/S) is a surgical procedure performed to prevent difficulties during childbirth. World Health Organization considered the standard rate for the C/S would be between 10% and 15%. However, since 2000 the rate of C/S was increasing globally, and it became about twofold from 12.1% to 21.1% in 2015. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any age, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section, Increase Institutional Delivery, Increase Antenatal Care
- What is being tested?
- Ultrasonograpgy
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 288 participants
- Where
- 1 siteBangladesh
- Study dates
- 28 Nov 2021to 31 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- All the pregnant mothers irrespective of age who will be attending the designated hospitals/health complex in their first trimester.
- We will include all pregnant mothers who will have/have not complication to see the delivery outcome with indication of normal delivery and CS.
- Willing to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
- Not willing to participate.
- Early Pregnancy with indication for C/S (co-morbidities, H/O previous C/S etc.) in their first trimester.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Bangladesh1 site
DMCH, SSMC, Munshiganj General Hospital and Bogra District Hospital
Dhaka
About this study
Official title: Ultrasonography and Health Education During the Antenatal Visits Among the Pregnant Women to Reduce the Unnecessary Caesarean Section in a Resource Poor Setting (Bangladesh): a Cluster Randomized Control Trial
A caesarean section (C/S) is a surgical procedure performed to prevent difficulties during childbirth. World Health Organization considered the standard rate for the C/S would be between 10% and 15%. However, since 2000 the rate of C/S was increasing globally, and it became about twofold from 12.1% to 21.1% in 2015.
In Bangladesh, C/S continued to increase from 8% (2007) to 33% (2017). Medically unnecessary C/S was estimated about 77% of all C/S in 2018, and it was increased from 66% since 2016. In Bangladesh, unnecessary C/S observed 9.0% and 3.2% C/S done due to avoid labour pain and 5.8% for the convenience of the mother. The economic burden of each C/S is average USD 612 and unfortunately, each patient spends this amount of money from out of pocket. Aim of this study is to do ultrasonography and health education can reduce unnecessary caesarean section among pregnant women compared to control group in a resource poor setting.
Read more
Investigators will conduct this randomized controlled trial (RCT) at Dhaka and Sir Salimullah Medical College \& Hospital, and two rural Upazila Health Complexes (Bogra 250-bed Mohammad Ali District Hospital) and Munshigonj General Hospital). Investigators will randomly select one urban hospital from two urban hospitals and one rural hospital from two rural hospitals for the intervention. The other one urban and one rural hospital will be assigned as control hospitals. One research staff, who will not involve any of the research activity of this trial, will do this randomization. Pregnant mothers will be identified and recruited during their routine antenatal visits. Pregnant mothers receive 2 USG during their routine ANC visits at 1st visit of 8-12 weeks and 4th visit of 36-38 weeks. In the intervention centres, Investigators will perform additional 4 ANC visits at 20, 30, 36 and 40 weeks (total 8 visits) and USG additional 2 times during the 2nd visit of 24-26 weeks and 5th visit of 34 weeks (2 routine USG + 2 USG in 3rd and 5th ANC visits and even more USG if needed + Health education; pictorial flip chart showing danger sign during pregnancy and potential risks for unnecessary caesarean delivery to increase awareness for safe delivery) for all the enrolled pregnant mothers. In the control centres, Investigators will collect information from the pregnant mothers.
Investigators are expecting the pregnant women who will receive antenatal care with ultrasonography and health education will have reduced number of unnecessary C/S compared to control group who will not receive those.
- Conditions
- Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section, Increase Institutional Delivery, Increase Antenatal Care
- Being tested
- Ultrasonograpgy
- Keywords
- Caesarean section, institutional delivery, ANC, Bangladesh
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
UltrasonograpgyDiagnostic test
Also called Additional 4 ANC, Health Education
2 USG in 3rd and 5th ANC visits and even more USG if needed + 4 ANC + Health education
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group (CG) | No intervention | Usual care |
| Intervention Group (IG) | Experimental | In the intervention hospitals, we will perform USG additional 2 times during the 3rd visit of 24-26 weeks and 5th visit of 34 weeks (2 USG and even more USG if needed + additional 4 ANC + Health education; pictorial flip chart showing danger sign during pregnancy and potential risks for unnecessary caesarean delivery to increase awareness for safe delivery) for all the enolled pregnant mothers. Receives: Diagnostic Test: Ultrasonograpgy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Unnecessary C/S
Compare the reduction of the percentage of unnecessary C/S among the intervention compare to control pregnant women
Measured: 36 weeks
Secondary outcomes (5)
ANC
The rate of set-number (8 times) of ANC and post-natal (PNC) visits rates among the intervention pregnant women (how many pregnant women in IG followed the protocol.)
Measured: 36 weeks
USG
The rate of set-number (4 times) of USG use among the intervention pregnant women (how many pregnant women in IG followed the protocol.)
Measured: 36 weeks
Institutional (hospital and clinics) delivery compare to the home delivery
The rate of the institutional (hospital and clinics) delivery among the intervention pregnant women, compared with CG.
Measured: 36 weeks
Delivery related complications
The reduction rate of the delivery related complications [ante partum and postpartum haemorrhage (APH, PPH)] among the intervention pregnant women, compared with CG
Measured: 36 weeks
Rate of still birth
The reduction rate of still birth among the intervention pregnant women, compared with CG.
Measured: 36 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted26 Nov 2021
- Study start28 Nov 2021
- Primary completion15 Dec 2024
- Study completion31 Dec 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean SectionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- From the urban area \[Dhaka Medical College \& Hospital (DMCH) and Sir Salimullah Medical College \& Hospital (SSMCH)\], we will randomly select one hospital for intervention group and another hospital for the control group and from the rural area (Munsigonj General Hospital and Bogra 250-bed Mohammad Ali District Hospital), one hospital will be randomly selected as intervention site and other hospital will be selected as comparison site.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 288 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Hiroshima University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- North South University, Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Bangladesh (OGSB), Bangladesh
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, KATM Ehsanul Huq, Hiroshima University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05135026
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2021/OR-NSU/IRB/0804
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 29 Oct 2021
- Last updated
- 29 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
1. World Health Organization 2015. WHO statement on caesarean section rates. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/161442/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1 2. Boerma T, Ronsmans C, Melesse DY, Barros AJD, Barros FC, Juan L, Moller A-B, Say L, Hosseinpoor AR, Yi M, Neto DdeLR, Temmerman M. Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. The Lancet, 2018; 392 (10155): 1341 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31928-7 3. Charvalho PdaS, Hansson BM, Stjernholm VY. Indications for increase in caesarean delivery. Reprod Health, 2019; 16, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0723-8 4. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018-key indicators.pdf [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR104/PR104.pdf] 5. Save the Children International 2020. Bangladesh: 51 per cent increase in "unnecessary" C-sections in two years. [https://www.savethechildren.net/news/bangladesh-51-cent-increase-"unnecessary"-c-sections-two-years#_edn2] 6. BDHS 2014 final report[ https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr311-dhs-final-reports.cfm] 7. Infographic-unnecessary-caesarean-section.pdf[ https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unnecessary-cs-infographics/en/] 8. Hasan F, Alam MM, Hossain MG. Associated factors and their individual contributions to caesarean delivery among married women in Bangladesh: analysis of Bangladesh demographic and health survey data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2019;19(1):433. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2588-9 9. World Health Organization 2016. Pregnant women must be able to access the right care at the right time, says WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/07-11-2016-pregnant-women-must-be-able-to-access-the-right-care-at-the-right-time-says-who 10. Dowswell T, Carroli G, Duley L, Gates S, Gülmezoglu AM, Khan-Neelofur D, Piaggio G. Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD000934 11. World Health Organization 2018. WHO recommendation on antenatal care contact schedules. https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/improving-health-system-performance/who-recommendation-antenatal-care-contact-schedules 12. Alland JYK, Ali H, Mehra S, LeFevre AE, Pak SE, Shaikh S, Christian P, Labrique AB. Antenatal care in rural Bangladesh: current state of costs, content and recommendations for effective service delivery. BMC Health Serv Res, 2019; 19, 861. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4696-7 13. World Health Organization 2018. WHO recommendation on early ultrasound in pregnancy. https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/preconception-pregnancy-childbirth-and-postpartum-care/antenatal-care/who-recommendation-early-ultrasound-pregnancy 14. Ryan BL, Krishnan RJ, Terry A, Thind A. Do four or more antenatal care visits increase skilled birth attendant use and institutional delivery in Bangladesh? A propensity-score matched analysis. BMC Public Health, 2019;19(1):583. 15. Pervin J, Moran A, Rahman M, Razzaque A, Sibley L, Streatfield PK, Reichenbach LJ, Koblinsky M, Hruschka D, Rahman A. Association of antenatal care with facility delivery and perinatal survival - a population-based study in Bangladesh. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2012;12:111. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-111 16. World Bank 2014. The World Bank Annual Report 2014. Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20093 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO. 17. Bangladesh_country_report.pdf [ https://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/bangladesh_country_report.pdf] 18. Begum T, Ellis C, Sarker M, et al. A qualitative study to explore the attitudes of women and obstetricians towards caesarean delivery in rural Bangladesh. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2018;18(1):368. 19. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Monitoring the situation of children and women. Maternal mortality, 2019. https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/ 20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html 21. Ylva Vladic Stjernholm. Caesarean section: reasons for and actions to prevent unnecessary caesareans. Open access peer-reviewed chapter. 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76582. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/63427 22. Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research?. Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2):121-126. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.116232
Shirin H, K A T M Ehsanul H, Hawlader MDH, Masud SB, Misty K, Dewan F, Moriyama M. Effectiveness of WHO-recommended antenatal care visits, ultrasonography, and health education in reducing unnecessary caesarean sections among pregnant women in Bangladesh: a hospital-based randomised controlled trial. J Glob Health. 2025 Jun 27;15:04182. doi: 10.7189/jogh.15.04182.
PubMed 40576427Shirin H, Moriyama M, Huq KATME, Rahman MM, Masud SB, Begum RA, Misty K, Hawlader MDH. Association of Ultrasonography and Health Education during Antenatal Visits among Pregnant Women to Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section in Bangladesh: Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Control Trial. Methods Protoc. 2022 Dec 17;5(6):101. doi: 10.3390/mps5060101.
PubMed 36548143
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Ultrasonography and Health Education During the Antenatal Visits Among the Pregnant Women to Reduce the Unnecessary Caesarean Section in a Resource Poor Setting (Bangladesh): a Cluster Randomized Control Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05135026
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2021/OR-NSU/IRB/0804
- Conditions
- Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section, Increase Institutional Delivery, Increase Antenatal Care
- Keywords
- Caesarean section, institutional delivery, ANC, Bangladesh
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 288 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Hiroshima UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- North South University, Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Bangladesh (OGSB), Bangladesh
- Study start
- 28 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Dec 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 26 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
A caesarean section (C/S) is a surgical procedure performed to prevent difficulties during childbirth. World Health Organization considered the standard rate for the C/S would be between 10% and 15%. However, since 2000 the rate of C/S was increasing globally, and it became about twofold from 12.1% to 21.1% in 2015.
In Bangladesh, C/S continued to increase from 8% (2007) to 33% (2017). Medically unnecessary C/S was estimated about 77% of all C/S in 2018, and it was increased from 66% since 2016. In Bangladesh, unnecessary C/S observed 9.0% and 3.2% C/S done due to avoid labour pain and 5.8% for the convenience of the mother. The economic burden of each C/S is average USD 612 and unfortunately, each patient spends this amount of money from out of pocket. Aim of this study is to do ultrasonography and health education can reduce unnecessary caesarean section among pregnant women compared to control group in a resource poor setting.
Investigators will conduct this randomized controlled trial (RCT) at Dhaka and Sir Salimullah Medical College \& Hospital, and two rural Upazila Health Complexes (Bogra 250-bed Mohammad Ali District Hospital) and Munshigonj General Hospital). Investigators will randomly select one urban hospital from two urban hospitals and one rural hospital from two rural hospitals for the intervention. The other one urban and one rural hospital will be assigned as control hospitals. One research staff, who will not involve any of the research activity of this trial, will do this randomization. Pregnant mothers will be identified and recruited during their routine antenatal visits. Pregnant mothers receive 2 USG during their routine ANC visits at 1st visit of 8-12 weeks and 4th visit of 36-38 weeks. In the intervention centres, Investigators will perform additional 4 ANC visits at 20, 30, 36 and 40 weeks (total 8 visits) and USG additional 2 times during the 2nd visit of 24-26 weeks and 5th visit of 34 weeks (2 routine USG + 2 USG in 3rd and 5th ANC visits and even more USG if needed + Health education; pictorial flip chart showing danger sign during pregnancy and potential risks for unnecessary caesarean delivery to increase awareness for safe delivery) for all the enrolled pregnant mothers. In the control centres, Investigators will collect information from the pregnant mothers.
Investigators are expecting the pregnant women who will receive antenatal care with ultrasonography and health education will have reduced number of unnecessary C/S compared to control group who will not receive those.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- From the urban area [Dhaka Medical College \& Hospital (DMCH) and Sir Salimullah Medical College \& Hospital (SSMCH)], we will randomly select one hospital for intervention group and another hospital for the control group and from the rural area (Munsigonj General Hospital and Bogra 250-bed Mohammad Ali District Hospital), one hospital will be randomly selected as intervention site and other hospital will be selected as comparison site.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group (CG) | No intervention | –Usual care |
| Intervention Group (IG) | Experimental | Diagnostic Test: UltrasonograpgyIn the intervention hospitals, we will perform USG additional 2 times during the 3rd visit of 24-26 weeks and 5th visit of 34 weeks (2 USG and even more USG if needed + additional 4 ANC + Health education; pictorial flip chart showing danger sign during pregnancy and potential risks for unnecessary caesarean delivery to increase awareness for safe delivery) for all the enolled pregnant mothers. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- All the pregnant mothers irrespective of age who will be attending the designated hospitals/health complex in their first trimester.
- We will include all pregnant mothers who will have/have not complication to see the delivery outcome with indication of normal delivery and CS.
- Willing to participate in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Not willing to participate.
- Early Pregnancy with indication for C/S (co-morbidities, H/O previous C/S etc.) in their first trimester.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| UltrasonograpgyAlso: Additional 4 ANC, Health Education2 USG in 3rd and 5th ANC visits and even more USG if needed + 4 ANC + Health education | Diagnostic test | Intervention Group (IG) |
Primary outcome
Unnecessary C/S
Time frame: 36 weeks
Compare the reduction of the percentage of unnecessary C/S among the intervention compare to control pregnant women
5 secondary outcomes
ANC
Time frame: 36 weeks
USG
Time frame: 36 weeks
Institutional (hospital and clinics) delivery compare to the home delivery
Time frame: 36 weeks
Delivery related complications
Time frame: 36 weeks
Rate of still birth
Time frame: 36 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 Apr 2026.
- Results publication1. World Health Organization 2015. WHO statement on caesarean section rates. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/161442/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1 2. Boerma T, Ronsmans C, Melesse DY, Barros AJD, Barros FC, Juan L, Moller A-B, Say L, Hosseinpoor AR, Yi M, Neto DdeLR, Temmerman M. Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. The Lancet, 2018; 392 (10155): 1341 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31928-7 3. Charvalho PdaS, Hansson BM, Stjernholm VY. Indications for increase in caesarean delivery. Reprod Health, 2019; 16, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0723-8 4. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018-key indicators.pdf [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR104/PR104.pdf] 5. Save the Children International 2020. Bangladesh: 51 per cent increase in "unnecessary" C-sections in two years. [https://www.savethechildren.net/news/bangladesh-51-cent-increase-"unnecessary"-c-sections-two-years#_edn2] 6. BDHS 2014 final report[ https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr311-dhs-final-reports.cfm] 7. Infographic-unnecessary-caesarean-section.pdf[ https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unnecessary-cs-infographics/en/] 8. Hasan F, Alam MM, Hossain MG. Associated factors and their individual contributions to caesarean delivery among married women in Bangladesh: analysis of Bangladesh demographic and health survey data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2019;19(1):433. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2588-9 9. World Health Organization 2016. Pregnant women must be able to access the right care at the right time, says WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/07-11-2016-pregnant-women-must-be-able-to-access-the-right-care-at-the-right-time-says-who 10. Dowswell T, Carroli G, Duley L, Gates S, Gülmezoglu AM, Khan-Neelofur D, Piaggio G. Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD000934 11. World Health Organization 2018. WHO recommendation on antenatal care contact schedules. https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/improving-health-system-performance/who-recommendation-antenatal-care-contact-schedules 12. Alland JYK, Ali H, Mehra S, LeFevre AE, Pak SE, Shaikh S, Christian P, Labrique AB. Antenatal care in rural Bangladesh: current state of costs, content and recommendations for effective service delivery. BMC Health Serv Res, 2019; 19, 861. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4696-7 13. World Health Organization 2018. WHO recommendation on early ultrasound in pregnancy. https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/preconception-pregnancy-childbirth-and-postpartum-care/antenatal-care/who-recommendation-early-ultrasound-pregnancy 14. Ryan BL, Krishnan RJ, Terry A, Thind A. Do four or more antenatal care visits increase skilled birth attendant use and institutional delivery in Bangladesh? A propensity-score matched analysis. BMC Public Health, 2019;19(1):583. 15. Pervin J, Moran A, Rahman M, Razzaque A, Sibley L, Streatfield PK, Reichenbach LJ, Koblinsky M, Hruschka D, Rahman A. Association of antenatal care with facility delivery and perinatal survival - a population-based study in Bangladesh. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2012;12:111. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-111 16. World Bank 2014. The World Bank Annual Report 2014. Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20093 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO. 17. Bangladesh_country_report.pdf [ https://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/bangladesh_country_report.pdf] 18. Begum T, Ellis C, Sarker M, et al. A qualitative study to explore the attitudes of women and obstetricians towards caesarean delivery in rural Bangladesh. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2018;18(1):368. 19. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Monitoring the situation of children and women. Maternal mortality, 2019. https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/ 20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html 21. Ylva Vladic Stjernholm. Caesarean section: reasons for and actions to prevent unnecessary caesareans. Open access peer-reviewed chapter. 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76582. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/63427 22. Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research?. Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2):121-126. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.116232
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40576427Shirin H, K A T M Ehsanul H, Hawlader MDH, Masud SB, Misty K, Dewan F, Moriyama M. Effectiveness of WHO-recommended antenatal care visits, ultrasonography, and health education in reducing unnecessary caesarean sections among pregnant women in Bangladesh: a hospital-based randomised controlled trial. J Glob Health. 2025 Jun 27;15:04182. doi: 10.7189/jogh.15.04182.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 36548143Shirin H, Moriyama M, Huq KATME, Rahman MM, Masud SB, Begum RA, Misty K, Hawlader MDH. Association of Ultrasonography and Health Education during Antenatal Visits among Pregnant Women to Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section in Bangladesh: Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Control Trial. Methods Protoc. 2022 Dec 17;5(6):101. doi: 10.3390/mps5060101.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Ultrasonograpgy in people with Reduce Unnecessary Caesarean Section and Increase Institutional Delivery, run by Hiroshima University at 1 site in Bangladesh.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Bangladesh. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Unnecessary C/S (time frame: 36 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05135026, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 Apr 2026.