Nurses Who Have Experienced TraumaNCT04989582
Effectiveness of a Nursing Intervention for Nurses Have Experienced Trauma: a Study Based on Swanson's Caring Theory
A study testing The trauma recovery nursing intervention program in people with Nurses Who Have Experienced Trauma, run by Yonsei University at 1 site in South Korea.
Trial summary
This study aimed to (1) develop an internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention, based on Swanson's theory of caring, and (2) examine its effects on functional health, resilience, social support, post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 23 to 40 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Nurses Who Have Experienced Trauma
- What is being tested?
- The trauma recovery nursing intervention program
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 112 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSouth Korea
- Study dates
- 7 May 2020to 20 Dec 2020
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 23 to 40 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- nurse aged from 23 to 40 years
- a PTS score of 64 or lower on the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) developed by Weathers et al., revised by Weathers et al., and translated into Korean by Kim et al.,
- nurse who can access the program through a computer or mobile
- nurse who understand the purpose of the research and voluntarily agree to participate in the research.
Who cannot join
- presence of psychiatric conditions with hallucinations and delusions
- diagnosis of an intellectual disability that would make understanding the intervention procedure difficult. Although a standard cut-off was not present in the PCL-5, women who exceeded 80% (64 points) of the total score were excluded to rule out high-risk women with severe trauma.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
This study aimed to (1) develop an internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention, based on Swanson's theory of caring, and (2) examine its effects on functional health, resilience, social support, post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety.
This study was a randomized clinical trial(RCT) study with repeated measures to identify the effectiveness of an internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention. Participants were evaluated at the following time points: pre-test (pre), post-test (post-test 1, immediately after intervention), and follow-up (post-test 2, one month after the intervention) to assess the sustainability of the internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention.
Of the 112 women who enrolled in the study, 10 dropped out before post-test 1, resulting in 102 participants who completed all interventions and surveys.
- Conditions
- Nurses Who Have Experienced Trauma
- Being tested
- The trauma recovery nursing intervention program
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
The trauma recovery nursing intervention programOther
The trauma recovery nursing intervention program was for adults who had experienced trauma and consisted of eight sessions, each lasting 30 min. It included a spoken audio track that was accompanied by visual prompts to provide knowledge on traumatic stress and introduce trauma recovery methods. Its online format made it convenient and widely accessible, and allowed for a low-intensity, cost-effective educational program. The program focused on providing self-help guidelines for clients to develop their mental and physical well-being.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Nursing intervention | Experimental | Nurses randomly assigned by applying a random selection method Receives: Other: The trauma recovery nursing intervention program |
| No intervention | No intervention | Nurses randomly assigned by applying a random selection method |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
functional health
The Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool (FHPAST) was developed by Jones (2002) and adapted by Keum and Kim (2012). The FHPAST is a self-report scale consisting of 58 items, each with a 4-point scale (1 to 4). Sixteen questions (43-58) are reverse scored. Mean scores of three or higher indicate that the physiological-spiritual function is at a healthy level and the individual is ready for health promotion. In the Jones study (2002), the reliability was Cronbach's α = .70 and .90.
Measured: one month after the intervention
resilience
Resilience was assessed using the Korean version of the Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC) developed by Connor and Davidson (2003) and standardized by Baek, Lee, Joo, Lee, and Choi (2010). This selfreported instrument consists of 25 items scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (almost always). The scale comprises five factors: hardiness, persistence, optimism, support, and spirituality. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of resilience. The Cronbach's α was 0.89 in a previous study (Connor \& Davidson, 2003).
Measured: one month after the intervention
social support
Social support was measured using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS), developed by Cutrona and Russell (1987) and translated into Korean by Yoo and Lee (2006). The instrument comprises 24 items, rated using a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). It has six subscales assessing attachment, social integration, the opportunity for nurturance, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, and guidance. Each subscale comprises four items. The total score on social support was calculated by adding the scores of all items and ranged from 24 to 96. Higher scores indicated higher levels of perceived social support. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the Social support were 0.92 in a prior study (Cutrona \& Russell, 1987), 0.94 among Korean male adults (Je, 2014).
Measured: one month after the intervention
post-traumatic stress
PTS was measured using the PCL-5, which was developed by Weathers et al. (2013), revised by Weathers et al. (1993) as per the revised PTSD definition in the DSM-5, and translated into Korean by Kim et al. (2017). The Korean version of the PCL for the DSM-5 (PCL-5-K) contained 20 items, and each scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The score depended on the severity of the symptom caused by stress related to traumatic events during the past month. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 80, with a score of 37 or above indicating a PTSD diagnosis, and higher scores suggesting severe PTSD symptoms (2013). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the PCL-5-K was .97 among Korean veterans of the Vietnam War (2017).
Measured: one month after the intervention
depression
Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), developed by Radloff (1997) and translated into Korean by Chon and Rhee (1992). The Korean version of the CES-D contained 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = rarely or never; 3 = all the time), according to how respondents felt during the past week. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 60, with a score of 16 or above indicating depressive symptoms, and higher scores indicating higher levels of depression (1977). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Korean CES-D was .89 among Korean adults (1992).
Measured: one month after the intervention
anxiety
Anxiety was measured using the Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; J. T. Kim \& Shin, 1978), originally developed by Spielberger et al. (1970). The STAI comprises 20 items measuring state anxiety, indicating the current degree of anxiety. It has 20 items assessing trait anxiety, indicating the degree of generally feeling anxious. The responses are rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always), with the possible range of scores for each type of anxiety being 20-80. Higher scores indicate greater state and trait anxiety. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.87 for state anxiety and 0.86 for trait anxiety in a prior study (S. S. Kim, 2003).
Measured: one month after the intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Aug 2021
- Study start7 May 2020
- Primary completion20 Dec 2020
- Study completion20 Dec 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Nurses Who Have Experienced TraumaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Yonsei UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 112 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Yonsei University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04989582
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Y-2019-0083
- Status last verified
- Jan 2022
- First submitted
- 26 Jul 2021
- Last updated
- 31 Jan 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Park J, Kim G, Kim S. Exploring trauma recovery in nurses: a text mining and thematic analysis based on Swanson's theory of caring. BMC Nurs. 2025 Mar 12;24(1):279. doi: 10.1186/s12912-025-02757-y.
PubMed 40075439
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 31 Jan 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effectiveness of a Nursing Intervention for Nurses Have Experienced Trauma: a Study Based on Swanson's Caring Theory
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04989582
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Y-2019-0083
- Conditions
- Nurses Who Have Experienced Trauma
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 112 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Yonsei UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 7 May 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 Dec 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 20 Dec 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aimed to (1) develop an internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention, based on Swanson's theory of caring, and (2) examine its effects on functional health, resilience, social support, post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety.
This study was a randomized clinical trial(RCT) study with repeated measures to identify the effectiveness of an internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention. Participants were evaluated at the following time points: pre-test (pre), post-test (post-test 1, immediately after intervention), and follow-up (post-test 2, one month after the intervention) to assess the sustainability of the internet-based psychiatric nursing intervention.
Of the 112 women who enrolled in the study, 10 dropped out before post-test 1, resulting in 102 participants who completed all interventions and surveys.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Nursing intervention | Experimental | Other: The trauma recovery nursing intervention programNurses randomly assigned by applying a random selection method |
| No intervention | No intervention | –Nurses randomly assigned by applying a random selection method |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 23 to 40 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- nurse aged from 23 to 40 years
- a PTS score of 64 or lower on the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) developed by Weathers et al., revised by Weathers et al., and translated into Korean by Kim et al.,
- nurse who can access the program through a computer or mobile
- nurse who understand the purpose of the research and voluntarily agree to participate in the research.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- presence of psychiatric conditions with hallucinations and delusions
- diagnosis of an intellectual disability that would make understanding the intervention procedure difficult. Although a standard cut-off was not present in the PCL-5, women who exceeded 80% (64 points) of the total score were excluded to rule out high-risk women with severe trauma.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| The trauma recovery nursing intervention programThe trauma recovery nursing intervention program was for adults who had experienced trauma and consisted of eight sessions, each lasting 30 min. It included a spoken audio track that was accompanied by visual prompts to provide knowledge on traumatic stress and introduce trauma recovery methods. Its online format made it convenient and widely accessible, and allowed for a low-intensity, cost-effective educational program. The program focused on providing self-help guidelines for clients to develop their mental and physical well-being. | Other | Nursing intervention |
Primary outcome
functional health
Time frame: one month after the intervention
The Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool (FHPAST) was developed by Jones (2002) and adapted by Keum and Kim (2012). The FHPAST is a self-report scale consisting of 58 items, each with a 4-point scale (1 to 4). Sixteen questions (43-58) are reverse scored. Mean scores of three or higher indicate that the physiological-spiritual function is at a healthy level and the individual is ready for health promotion. In the Jones study (2002), the reliability was Cronbach's α = .70 and .90.
resilience
Time frame: one month after the intervention
Resilience was assessed using the Korean version of the Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC) developed by Connor and Davidson (2003) and standardized by Baek, Lee, Joo, Lee, and Choi (2010). This selfreported instrument consists of 25 items scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (almost always). The scale comprises five factors: hardiness, persistence, optimism, support, and spirituality. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of resilience. The Cronbach's α was 0.89 in a previous study (Connor \& Davidson, 2003).
social support
Time frame: one month after the intervention
Social support was measured using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS), developed by Cutrona and Russell (1987) and translated into Korean by Yoo and Lee (2006). The instrument comprises 24 items, rated using a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). It has six subscales assessing attachment, social integration, the opportunity for nurturance, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, and guidance. Each subscale comprises four items. The total score on social support was calculated by adding the scores of all items and ranged from 24 to 96. Higher scores indicated higher levels of perceived social support. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the Social support were 0.92 in a prior study (Cutrona \& Russell, 1987), 0.94 among Korean male adults (Je, 2014).
post-traumatic stress
Time frame: one month after the intervention
PTS was measured using the PCL-5, which was developed by Weathers et al. (2013), revised by Weathers et al. (1993) as per the revised PTSD definition in the DSM-5, and translated into Korean by Kim et al. (2017). The Korean version of the PCL for the DSM-5 (PCL-5-K) contained 20 items, and each scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The score depended on the severity of the symptom caused by stress related to traumatic events during the past month. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 80, with a score of 37 or above indicating a PTSD diagnosis, and higher scores suggesting severe PTSD symptoms (2013). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the PCL-5-K was .97 among Korean veterans of the Vietnam War (2017).
depression
Time frame: one month after the intervention
Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), developed by Radloff (1997) and translated into Korean by Chon and Rhee (1992). The Korean version of the CES-D contained 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = rarely or never; 3 = all the time), according to how respondents felt during the past week. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 60, with a score of 16 or above indicating depressive symptoms, and higher scores indicating higher levels of depression (1977). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Korean CES-D was .89 among Korean adults (1992).
anxiety
Time frame: one month after the intervention
Anxiety was measured using the Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; J. T. Kim \& Shin, 1978), originally developed by Spielberger et al. (1970). The STAI comprises 20 items measuring state anxiety, indicating the current degree of anxiety. It has 20 items assessing trait anxiety, indicating the degree of generally feeling anxious. The responses are rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always), with the possible range of scores for each type of anxiety being 20-80. Higher scores indicate greater state and trait anxiety. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.87 for state anxiety and 0.86 for trait anxiety in a prior study (S. S. Kim, 2003).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 31 Jan 2022.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40075439Park J, Kim G, Kim S. Exploring trauma recovery in nurses: a text mining and thematic analysis based on Swanson's theory of caring. BMC Nurs. 2025 Mar 12;24(1):279. doi: 10.1186/s12912-025-02757-y.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing The trauma recovery nursing intervention program in people with Nurses Who Have Experienced Trauma, run by Yonsei University at 1 site in South Korea.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 31 Jan 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in South Korea. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
functional health (time frame: one month after the intervention). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04989582, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 31 Jan 2022.