Associations of Communication Skills Workshop and Improvements in Stress, Burnout and Empathy and Psychometric Properties of Chinese Version of Perceived Stress Scale, Professional Fulfillment and Burnout Scale and Empathy Among Health Care Professionals

The Empathy Scale is one of the first measures to achieve widespread use, contains four separate dimensions: social self-confidence, even-temperedness, sensitivity, and nonconformity. The instrument is scored on a scale of 0 (being the least empathetic possible) to 80 (being the most empathetic possible).

The ISI is a rating tool used to gauge of sleeping. Higher values represent a worse outcome.

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a commonly used measure of trait and state anxiety. All items are rated on a 4-point scale (e.g., from "Almost Never" to "Almost Always"). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety.

Self-administered 7 item instrument that uses some of the DSM-V criteria for GAD (General Anxiety Disorder) to identify probable cases of GAD along with measuring anxiety symptom severity. It can also be used as a screening measure of panic, social anxiety, and PTSD. It was modeled after the PHQ9 to be used quickly and effectively within a primary care setting.

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day).

Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF; Endicott et al,1993). The Q-LES-Q-SF evaluates general activities that are assessed in the longer form of the Q- LES-Q. Each item uses a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good). A total score is derived from 14 items with a maximum score of 70 and with higher scores indicating greater life satisfaction and enjoyment.

Differences in Dialectical Behavior Therapy Ways of Coping Checklist (DBT-WCCL) may have coped with stressful events in life. The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Ways of Coping Checklist (DBT-WCCL) is a 59-item self-report scale designed to assess participants' use of DBT skills (e.g., acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, problem-solving) and maladaptive coping responses. The DBT-WCCL is a checklist designed to gauge ways of coping. As subjects go through the 59 questions, they can think about and evaluate different ways in which they may have coped with stressful events in life. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Ways of Coping Checklist (DBT-WCCL) effective coping subscale. Minimum score: 0. Maximum score: 3. Higher score indicates more frequent use of adaptive coping strategies. Lower score indicates less frequent use of adaptive coping strategies.

The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) is to measure empathy in physicians, and other health professionals involved in patient care in a clinical setting; as well as students studying medicine and other forms of health care in preparation for working in a clinical setting. The minimum and maximum scores for JSE-HPS can be reached to 20 and 140, respectively. The more the higher scores indicate more empathic aspect or vice versa.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is a published measurement tool for the multi-dimensional assessment of empathy. 28 items using 5-point scales (A = does not describe me well to E = describes me very well) Sub-scales 4 sub-scales, each with 7 items: Fantasy assesses the extent to which individuals identify with fictional characters.

Perspective-taking assesses the extent to which individuals spontaneously (try to) adopt others' points of view.

Empathetic concern assesses the extent of individuals' "feelings of warmth, compassion, and concern for others." Personal distress assesses the extent of individuals "feelings of anxiety and discomfort" as a result of "another's negative experience." scores would range from 28 to 140

The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a psychological assessment instrument comprising 22 symptom items pertaining to occupational burnout. All MBI items are scored using a 7 level frequency ratings from "never" to "daily." The MBI has three component scales: emotional exhaustion (9 items), depersonalization (5 items) and personal achievement (8 items). Each scale measures its own unique dimension of burnout. Scales should not be combined to form a single burnout scale. Maslach, Jackson, and Leiter[1] described item scoring from 0 to 6. There are score ranges that define low, moderate and high levels of each scale based on the 0-6 scoring.

Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI) is a 16-item instrument to assess physicians' professional fulfillment and burnout, designed for sensitivity to change attributable to interventions or other factors affecting physician well-being. All burnout items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale with options ranging from "not at all" to "extremely" for burnout items and "not at all true" to "completely true" for professional fulfillment items. Aggregate scores for burnout and professional fulfillment were calculated using the published approach, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 40 and 0 to 24, respectively.