Adaptive Goals and Interventions for Lifestyle Enhancement

Estimated mean weight change in kg from baseline to 3 months for each of the two levels of each component (factor) obtained from intent-to-treat (ITT) linear mixed models of analysis of variance. More negative values of weight change indicate greater weight loss (3-month weight - baseline weight).

Percent change in body weight will be calculated (6 month weight - baseline weight/100) and determined to be at or above 5% indicating a clinically significant change.

Change in daily caloric intake from baseline to 6 months as measured using the self-administered National Cancer Institute's Automated Self- Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA-24), a 24-hour recall that is self-administered on a week day and a weekend day at each timepoint. Change calculated as (daily kcal at 6 months - daily kcal at baseline).

Change in physical activity from baseline to 3 and 6 months as measured using the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). The PPAQ assesses amount of planned and lifestyle associated physical activity performed during a typical week. The PPAQ consists of three components: (1) stair climbing, (2) walking, and (3) sports and recreation. Participants report the frequency and duration of physical activity in the past week. Scoring yields energy expenditure from physical activity per week (kcal/week). Higher scores translate into greater energy expenditure per week (i.e.,better outcome). Range is 0 - no theoretical maximum. Outcome is change in kcal burned per week.

Change in sedentary behavior from baseline to 3 and 6 months as measured using the 12- item Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire which asks respondents to indicate the number of hours they spend on a typical weekday and a typical weekend day doing each of six activities. The scale ranges from "none" to "6 or more hours" for each item. Higher values on the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire indicate greater amount of time spent in sedentary behavior. Range is 0 to 24 hours and outcome is change in minutes per day.

Autonomy support at 3 and 6 months. Items are adapted from the Health Care Climate Questionnaire, which is a measure of how the participant perceives support from a healthcare provider, to measure autonomy support from the program. The scale includes 15 items rated on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) (e.g., "I feel that [the program] has provided me choices and options.") Scores are calculated by averaging the individual item scores (with item 13 reverse-scored). Higher average scores represent a higher level of perceived autonomy support. Outcomes are the mean value at 3 months and the mean value at 6 months.

Change in perceived competence from baseline to 3 and 6 months as measured using the The Perceived Competence Scale. The Scale measures perceived competence for diet (4 items) and physical activity (4 items). Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = not at all true, 7 = very true), and include items such as "I feel confident in my ability to maintain a healthy diet." Scores are summed for the items in the subscale (diet and physical activity) and the range for each subscale is 4 - 28. Greater values indicate higher levels of perceived competence for engaging in positive diet and physical activity behaviors. Scores are summed for the items in each subscale separately (diet and physical activity). Outcomes are change in perceived competence for diet and change in perceived competence for physical activity.

Perceived message relevance at 3 and 6 months as measured using two items used in our previous work and adapted from previous studies of tailored messages. Participants were asked to rate how strongly they disagree or agree with the statements about messages being "written personally for me" and "applied to my life." Responses are on a 5-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The values of the two items are averaged for a final score. Higher values indicate that a participant perceives the messages received in the program are more relevant to them.

Change in treatment self-regulation from baseline to 3 and 6 months as measured using the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ). The TSRQ assesses autonomous and controlled motivation for making changes in diet (15 items) and physical activity (15 items). Examples item: "Because I feel that I want to take responsibility for my own health" answered on a scale of 1 (not at all true) to 7 (very true)." Calculating the scores for the sub-scales will consist of averaging the items on that subscale. They are:

Autonomous Regulation: 2, 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19 Controlled Regulation: 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17. Responses to the items within the subscale are averaged with the range of scores being 1 to 7. Higher values on each subscale indicate greater levels of that type of motivation. Outcomes are changes in autonomous and controlled motivation for diet at 3 and 6 months, and changes in autonomous and controlled motivation for activity at 3 and 6 months.

Relatedness at 3 and 6 months as measured with 3 items adapted from the 8-item Relatedness subscale of the Basic Need Satisfaction at Work Scale. Examples include "The messages demonstrate caring about me as a person" and are scored on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Responses are averaged with a range of 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived relatedness from the intervention messages.

Mean number of days of complete dietary tracking summed over the 6-month study period.

Mean number of days of self-weighing over the 6 month period.

Mean number of days of physical activity tracking over the 6 month period as measured by Fitbit tracker wear.