Basic Cardiac Life SupportNCT04736888
Effectiveness of Extended Reality CPR Training Methods
A study testing extended-reality CPR training and conventional CPR training in people with Basic Cardiac Life Support and Virtual Reality, run by Seoul National University Hospital at 3 sites in 3 countries.
Trial summary
The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy and safety of the extended reality (XR)-based basic life support (BLS) training. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Basic Cardiac Life Support, Virtual Reality
- What is being tested?
- extended-reality CPR training and conventional CPR training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 154 participants
- Where
- 3 sitesin 3 countries
- Study dates
- 10 Sep 2021to 9 Sep 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Individuals who are not healthcare providers and are 18 years old or older
Who cannot join
- Participants who
- are not capable of performing either the training or the CPR test due to physical or cognitive limitations
- have upper extremity injuries
- are pregnant
- experience dizziness, headache, or motion sickness during the 2-minute XR device adaptation period that prevents them from participating in the simulation study
Trial locations and contacts
3 sites in 3 countries.
3 sites in 3 countries
United States1 site
Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, 90027
South Korea1 site
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620
About this study
Official title: Comparison of Extended Reality and Conventional Methods of Basic Life Support Training: Protocol for a Multinational Pragmatic Clinical Trial (XR BLS Trial)
The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy and safety of the extended reality (XR)-based basic life support (BLS) training.
Read the detailed description
Conventional CPR training is based on the use of a manikin and a training video. Though several feedback devices have been developed to improve the effectiveness of the training, they were neither realistic nor immersive. In addition, in conventional training programs, trainees are constrained in terms of time and location, as they are usually kept to a schedule.
Virtual reality (VR) technology, which was designed to maximize immersion, could be used to overcome those limitations, which in turn may improve the effectiveness of CPR training. However, even with VR technology, procedures such as chest compressions, ventilation, and defibrillation cannot be implemented as in the real world. Extended reality (XR), which combines the virtual and real worlds, could overcome these limitations by facilitating the use of real-world manikins in the virtual environment.
- Conditions
- Basic Cardiac Life Support, Virtual Reality
- Being tested
- extended-reality CPR training, conventional CPR training
- Keywords
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Basic Cardiac Life Support, Virtual Reality, Extended Reality, Education
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
extended-reality CPR trainingOther
extended-reality technologies based CPR training module
conventional CPR trainingOther
conventional CPR training with video
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional group | Sham comparator | Conventional CPR training consists of a BLS video and a manikin equipped with a feedback device. Receives: Other: conventional CPR training |
| XR group | Active comparator | The XR group participants will be provided training via the XR BLS module and are allotted an additional 2 minutes that is needed to adapt to the XR equipment. Receives: Other: extended-reality CPR training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
mean compression depth, mm
compression depth
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Secondary outcomes (14)
the total number of chest compressions (n)
The total number of chest compressions
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
the mean chest compression depth(mm)
compression depth between 5cm and 6cm
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
correct hand position (n, percent)
The American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines describe the correct hand position for chest compression as the lower half of the victim's sternum in the centre of the chest, between the nipples.
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
adequate compression depth (n, percent)
compression depth between 5cm and 6cm
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
compression and full release (n, percent)
full release after chest compression
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
mean compression rate (number per minute)
mean compression rate
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
adequate compression rate (percent)
compression rate between 100 and 120 per minute
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
adequate compression depth and rate (percent)
adequate compression death and rate, simultaneously
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
hands-off time (sec)
Interruptions of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
The time interval from arrival on the scene to the first chest compression (sec)
The time interval from arrival on the scene to the first chest compression.
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
AED use
Done/Not done
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Correct AED use
Yes/No
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Time from powering on the AED to defibrillation (sec)
Time from powering on the AED to defibrillation (sec)
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Time from checking for a response to defibrillation (sec)
Time from checking for a response to defibrillation (sec)
Measured: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Feb 2021
- Study start10 Sep 2021
- Primary completion9 Sep 2024
- Study completion9 Sep 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (21)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Basic Cardiac Life SupportStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Seoul National University HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 154 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Seoul National University Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Dong Keon Lee, Seoul National University Hospital
- Investigators
- You Hwan Jo, PhD, Study director, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04736888
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- CBS2.0
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 29 Jan 2021
- Last updated
- 13 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Semeraro F, Frisoli A, Loconsole C, Banno F, Tammaro G, Imbriaco G, Marchetti L, Cerchiari EL. Motion detection technology as a tool for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality training: a randomised crossover mannequin pilot study. Resuscitation. 2013 Apr;84(4):501-7. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.006. Epub 2012 Dec 10.
PubMed 23238423Semeraro F, Taggi F, Tammaro G, Imbriaco G, Marchetti L, Cerchiari EL. iCPR: a new application of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Resuscitation. 2011 Apr;82(4):436-41. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.11.023. Epub 2011 Jan 11.
PubMed 21227560Semeraro F, Frisoli A, Bergamasco M, Cerchiari EL. Virtual reality enhanced mannequin (VREM) that is well received by resuscitation experts. Resuscitation. 2009 Apr;80(4):489-92. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.12.016. Epub 2009 Feb 8.
PubMed 19203823Iwashyna TJ. Survivorship will be the defining challenge of critical care in the 21st century. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Aug 3;153(3):204-5. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00013. No abstract available.
PubMed 20679565Grasner JT, Lefering R, Koster RW, Masterson S, Bottiger BW, Herlitz J, Wnent J, Tjelmeland IB, Ortiz FR, Maurer H, Baubin M, Mols P, Hadzibegovic I, Ioannides M, Skulec R, Wissenberg M, Salo A, Hubert H, Nikolaou NI, Loczi G, Svavarsdottir H, Semeraro F, Wright PJ, Clarens C, Pijls R, Cebula G, Correia VG, Cimpoesu D, Raffay V, Trenkler S, Markota A, Stromsoe A, Burkart R, Perkins GD, Bossaert LL; EuReCa ONE Collaborators. EuReCa ONE-27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry: A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe. Resuscitation. 2016 Aug;105:188-95. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.06.004. Epub 2016 Jun 16.
PubMed 27321577Deakin CD. The chain of survival: Not all links are equal. Resuscitation. 2018 May;126:80-82. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.02.012. Epub 2018 Feb 19.
PubMed 29471008Brady WJ, Mattu A, Slovis CM. Lay Responder Care for an Adult with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2242-2251. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1802529. No abstract available.
PubMed 31800989Ro YS, Shin SD, Song KJ, Hong SO, Kim YT, Cho SI. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation training experience and self-efficacy of age and gender group: a nationwide community survey. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Aug;34(8):1331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.001. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
PubMed 27037129Andrews C, Southworth MK, Silva JNA, Silva JR. Extended Reality in Medical Practice. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Mar 30;21(4):18. doi: 10.1007/s11936-019-0722-7.
PubMed 30929093Nas J, Thannhauser J, Vart P, van Geuns RJ, Muijsers HEC, Mol JQ, Aarts GWA, Konijnenberg LSF, Gommans DHF, Ahoud-Schoenmakers SGAM, Vos JL, van Royen N, Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA. Effect of Face-to-Face vs Virtual Reality Training on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Mar 1;5(3):328-335. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4992.
PubMed 31734702Anderson R, Sebaldt A, Lin Y, Cheng A. Optimal training frequency for acquisition and retention of high-quality CPR skills: A randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2019 Feb;135:153-161. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.10.033. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
PubMed 30391370Bylow H, Karlsson T, Claesson A, Lepp M, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J. Self-learning training versus instructor-led training for basic life support: A cluster randomised trial. Resuscitation. 2019 Jun;139:122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.026. Epub 2019 Mar 26.
PubMed 30926451Roppolo LP, Pepe PE, Campbell L, Ohman K, Kulkarni H, Miller R, Idris A, Bean L, Bettes TN, Idris AH. Prospective, randomized trial of the effectiveness and retention of 30-min layperson training for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillators: The American Airlines Study. Resuscitation. 2007 Aug;74(2):276-85. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.12.017. Epub 2007 Apr 23.
PubMed 17452070Zapletal B, Greif R, Stumpf D, Nierscher FJ, Frantal S, Haugk M, Ruetzler K, Schlimp C, Fischer H. Comparing three CPR feedback devices and standard BLS in a single rescuer scenario: a randomised simulation study. Resuscitation. 2014 Apr;85(4):560-6. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.028. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
PubMed 24215730Park S, Lee G. Full-immersion virtual reality: Adverse effects related to static balance. Neurosci Lett. 2020 Aug 10;733:134974. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134974. Epub 2020 Apr 12.
PubMed 32294492
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 13 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of Extended Reality and Conventional Methods of Basic Life Support Training: Protocol for a Multinational Pragmatic Clinical Trial (XR BLS Trial)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04736888
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- CBS2.0
- Conditions
- Basic Cardiac Life Support, Virtual Reality
- Keywords
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Basic Cardiac Life Support, Virtual Reality, Extended Reality, Education
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 154 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Seoul National University HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
- Study start
- 10 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 9 Sep 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Sep 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Feb 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy and safety of the extended reality (XR)-based basic life support (BLS) training.
Detailed description
Conventional CPR training is based on the use of a manikin and a training video. Though several feedback devices have been developed to improve the effectiveness of the training, they were neither realistic nor immersive. In addition, in conventional training programs, trainees are constrained in terms of time and location, as they are usually kept to a schedule.
Virtual reality (VR) technology, which was designed to maximize immersion, could be used to overcome those limitations, which in turn may improve the effectiveness of CPR training. However, even with VR technology, procedures such as chest compressions, ventilation, and defibrillation cannot be implemented as in the real world. Extended reality (XR), which combines the virtual and real worlds, could overcome these limitations by facilitating the use of real-world manikins in the virtual environment.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional group | Sham comparator | Other: conventional CPR trainingConventional CPR training consists of a BLS video and a manikin equipped with a feedback device. |
| XR group | Active comparator | Other: extended-reality CPR trainingThe XR group participants will be provided training via the XR BLS module and are allotted an additional 2 minutes that is needed to adapt to the XR equipment. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Individuals who are not healthcare providers and are 18 years old or older
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Participants who
- are not capable of performing either the training or the CPR test due to physical or cognitive limitations
- have upper extremity injuries
- are pregnant
- experience dizziness, headache, or motion sickness during the 2-minute XR device adaptation period that prevents them from participating in the simulation study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| extended-reality CPR trainingextended-reality technologies based CPR training module | Other | XR group |
| conventional CPR trainingconventional CPR training with video | Other | Conventional group |
Primary outcome
mean compression depth, mm
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
compression depth
14 secondary outcomes
the total number of chest compressions (n)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
the mean chest compression depth(mm)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
correct hand position (n, percent)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
adequate compression depth (n, percent)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
compression and full release (n, percent)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
mean compression rate (number per minute)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
adequate compression rate (percent)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
adequate compression depth and rate (percent)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
hands-off time (sec)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
The time interval from arrival on the scene to the first chest compression (sec)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
AED use
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Correct AED use
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Time from powering on the AED to defibrillation (sec)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Time from checking for a response to defibrillation (sec)
Time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 13 Oct 2026.
- Background: PubMed 23238423Semeraro F, Frisoli A, Loconsole C, Banno F, Tammaro G, Imbriaco G, Marchetti L, Cerchiari EL. Motion detection technology as a tool for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality training: a randomised crossover mannequin pilot study. Resuscitation. 2013 Apr;84(4):501-7. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.006. Epub 2012 Dec 10.
- Background: PubMed 21227560Semeraro F, Taggi F, Tammaro G, Imbriaco G, Marchetti L, Cerchiari EL. iCPR: a new application of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Resuscitation. 2011 Apr;82(4):436-41. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.11.023. Epub 2011 Jan 11.
- Background: PubMed 19203823Semeraro F, Frisoli A, Bergamasco M, Cerchiari EL. Virtual reality enhanced mannequin (VREM) that is well received by resuscitation experts. Resuscitation. 2009 Apr;80(4):489-92. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.12.016. Epub 2009 Feb 8.
- Background: PubMed 20679565Iwashyna TJ. Survivorship will be the defining challenge of critical care in the 21st century. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Aug 3;153(3):204-5. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00013. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 27321577Grasner JT, Lefering R, Koster RW, Masterson S, Bottiger BW, Herlitz J, Wnent J, Tjelmeland IB, Ortiz FR, Maurer H, Baubin M, Mols P, Hadzibegovic I, Ioannides M, Skulec R, Wissenberg M, Salo A, Hubert H, Nikolaou NI, Loczi G, Svavarsdottir H, Semeraro F, Wright PJ, Clarens C, Pijls R, Cebula G, Correia VG, Cimpoesu D, Raffay V, Trenkler S, Markota A, Stromsoe A, Burkart R, Perkins GD, Bossaert LL; EuReCa ONE Collaborators. EuReCa ONE-27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry: A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe. Resuscitation. 2016 Aug;105:188-95. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.06.004. Epub 2016 Jun 16.
- Background: PubMed 29471008Deakin CD. The chain of survival: Not all links are equal. Resuscitation. 2018 May;126:80-82. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.02.012. Epub 2018 Feb 19.
- Background: PubMed 31800989Brady WJ, Mattu A, Slovis CM. Lay Responder Care for an Adult with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2242-2251. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1802529. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 27037129Ro YS, Shin SD, Song KJ, Hong SO, Kim YT, Cho SI. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation training experience and self-efficacy of age and gender group: a nationwide community survey. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Aug;34(8):1331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.001. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
- Background: PubMed 30929093Andrews C, Southworth MK, Silva JNA, Silva JR. Extended Reality in Medical Practice. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Mar 30;21(4):18. doi: 10.1007/s11936-019-0722-7.
- Background: PubMed 31734702Nas J, Thannhauser J, Vart P, van Geuns RJ, Muijsers HEC, Mol JQ, Aarts GWA, Konijnenberg LSF, Gommans DHF, Ahoud-Schoenmakers SGAM, Vos JL, van Royen N, Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA. Effect of Face-to-Face vs Virtual Reality Training on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Mar 1;5(3):328-335. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4992.
- Background: PubMed 30391370Anderson R, Sebaldt A, Lin Y, Cheng A. Optimal training frequency for acquisition and retention of high-quality CPR skills: A randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2019 Feb;135:153-161. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.10.033. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
- Background: PubMed 30926451Bylow H, Karlsson T, Claesson A, Lepp M, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J. Self-learning training versus instructor-led training for basic life support: A cluster randomised trial. Resuscitation. 2019 Jun;139:122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.026. Epub 2019 Mar 26.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
You Hwan Jo, PhD study director
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
3 sites in 3 countries: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing extended-reality CPR training and conventional CPR training in people with Basic Cardiac Life Support and Virtual Reality, run by Seoul National University Hospital at 3 sites in 3 countries.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 3 sites in United States, South Korea, United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
mean compression depth, mm (time frame: Test sessions on day 1 (during 5 minutes) after 1 hour training). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04736888, which also lists 21 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Oct 2026.