COVID-19NCT04446429
Anti-Androgen Treatment for COVID-19
A study testing Proxalutamide in people with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV2, run by Applied Biology, Inc. at 1 site in Brazil.
Trial summary
This study is intended to explore the possible protective role of anti-androgens in SARS-CoV-2 infection Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, men only
- Conditions the study is for
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, Androgenetic Alopecia
- What is being tested?
- Proxalutamide
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 268 participants
- Where
- 1 siteBrazil
- Study dates
- 21 Oct 2020to 21 Jan 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Men only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Male age ≥18 years old
- Laboratory confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 rtPCR test within 7 days prior to randomization
- Clinical status on the COVID-19 8-point Ordinal Scale of 1 or 2
- Coagulation: INR ≤ 1.5×ULN, and APTT ≤ 1.5×ULN
- Subject (or legally authorized representative) gives written informed consent prior to any study screening procedures
- Subject (or legally authorized representative) agree that subject will not participate in another COVID-19 trial while participating in this study
Who cannot join
- Subject enrolled in a study to investigate a treatment for COVID-19
- Subject taking an anti-androgen of any type including: androgen depravation therapy, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, etc…
- Patients who are allergic to the investigational product or similar drugs (or any excipients);
- Subjects who have malignant tumors in the past 5 years, with the exception of completed resected basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer and completely resected carcinoma in situ of any type
- Subjects with known serious cardiovascular diseases, congenital long QT syndrome, torsade de pointes, myocardial infarction in the past 6 months, or arterial thrombosis, or unstable angina pectoris, or congestive heart failure which is classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 or higher, or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50%, QTcF > 450 ms
- Subjects with uncontrolled medical conditions that could compromise participation in the study(e.g. uncontrolled hypertension, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus)
Show all 12Show fewer
- Known diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) , hepatitis C, active hepatitis B, treponema pallidum (testing is not mandatory）
- Alanine Transaminase (ALT) or Aspartate Transaminase (AST) > 5 times the upper limit of normal.
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 ml/min
- Severe kidney disease requiring dialysis
- Subject unlikely to return for day 15 site visit for reasons other then remission
- Subject (or legally authorized representative) not willing or unable to provide informed consent
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
This study is intended to explore the possible protective role of anti-androgens in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Read the detailed description
During the continuing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, several studies have reported a significant difference in the rate of severe cases between adult females and adult males (42% vs 58%).Among children under the age of 14, the rate of severe cases was reported to be extremely low. To explain this difference, several theories have been proposed including cigarette smoking and lifestyle habits. However, no theory fits both the gender difference in severe cases as well as reduced risk in pre-pubescent children. Our past research on male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has led us to investigate an association between androgens and COVID-19 pathogenesis. In normal subjects, androgen expression demonstrates significant variation between men and women as well as between adults and pre-pubescent children.
SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects type II pneumocytes in the human lung. SARS-CoV-2 enters pneumocytes, by anchoring to the ACE2 cell surface receptor. Prior to receptor binding, viral spike proteins undergo proteolytic priming by the transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 inhibition or knock down reduces ability of SARS-CoV-1 (a related virus to SARS-CoV-2) to infect cells in vitro. Additionally, TMPRSS2 also facilitates entry of influenza A and influenza B into primary human airway cells and type II pneumocytes.
The human TMPRSS2 gene has a 15 bp androgen response element and in humans, androgens are the only known transcription promoters for the TMPRSS2 gene. In a study of androgen-stimulated prostate cancer cells (LNCaP), TMPRSS2 mRNA expression increase was mediated by the androgen receptor. Further, the ACE2 receptor, also critical for SARS-CoV-2 viral infectivity, is affected by male sex hormones with higher activity found in males.
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), often referred to as male pattern hair loss, is the most common form of hair loss among men. The development of androgenetic alopecia is androgen mediated and is dependent on genetic variants found in the androgen receptor gene located on the X chromosome; thus, it is hypothesized that men with AGA would be more prone to severe COVID-19 disease. The investigators conducted a preliminary observational study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at two Spanish tertiary hospitals between March 23-April 6, 2020 to test this theory. In total, 41 Caucasian males admitted to the hospitals with a diagnosis of bilateral SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 58 years (range 23-79). Among them, 29 (71%) were diagnosed with AGA (16 (39%) were classified as severe AGA (Hamilton IV or above)) and 12 (29%) did not present clinical signs of AGA. The diagnosis of AGA was performed clinically by a dermatologist. The precise prevalence of AGA among otherwise healthy Spanish Caucasian males is unknown; however, based on published literature, the expected prevalence of a similar age-matched Caucasian population is approximately 31-53%.
Based on the scientific rationale combined with this preliminary observation, the investigators propose to test an anti-androgen as a treatment for patients recently diagnosed with COVID-19.
We have chosen the use of the novel second generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist proxalutamide as a means for rapid reduction in AR activity. Proxalutamide (GT0918) demonstrates a dual mechanism of action. It is highly effective in inhibiting AR as well as exhibiting pharmacological effects of inducing the down-regulation of AR expression; the mechanism that is not present in bicalutamide and enzalutamide. Additionally, it has been reported that Proxalutamide lowers the expression of ACE2. Both would be beneficial for preventing SARS-CoV-2 entry into lung cells.
This study is intended to explore the possible protective role of anti-androgens in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Provided anti-androgens are effective in reducing the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization, subjects enrolled in this study may experience a lower rate of hospitalization.
- Conditions
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, Androgenetic Alopecia, Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
- Being tested
- Proxalutamide, Standard of Care
- Keywords
- Anti-Androgen, Proxalutamide
- Medical subject headings
- COVID-19, Alopecia, Prostatic Neoplasms, Prostatic Hyperplasia, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
ProxalutamideDrug
200 mg q.d.
Standard of CareOther
Standard of care as determined by the PI
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Usual Care | Active comparator | Usual care as determined by the PI Receives: Other: Standard of Care |
| Proxalutamide + Usual Care | Experimental | Proxalutamide + Usual care as determined by the PI Receives: Drug: Proxalutamide |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
COVID-19 Hospitalization
Percentage of subjects hospitalized due to COVID-19
Measured: 30 days
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Jun 2020
- Study start21 Oct 2020
- Primary completion24 Dec 2020
- Study completion21 Jan 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for COVID-19Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study is designed as a prospective, interventional, placebo controlled, double-blinded, randomized parallel assignment study.
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 268 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Applied Biology, Inc.
- Sponsor type
- Industry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Flavio A Cadegiani, MD, Principal investigator, Corpometria InstituteAndy Goren, MD, Study director, Applied Biology, Inc.
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04446429
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AB-DRUG-SARS-004
- Status last verified
- Dec 2021
- First submitted
- 22 Jun 2020
- Last updated
- 10 Dec 2021
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Goren A, McCoy J, Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, Shapiro J, Dhurat R, Washenik K, Lotti T. What does androgenetic alopecia have to do with COVID-19? An insight into a potential new therapy. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13365. doi: 10.1111/dth.13365. Epub 2020 Apr 8. No abstract available.
PubMed 32237190Goren A, Vano-Galvan S, Wambier CG, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Moreno-Arrones OM, Shapiro J, Sinclair RD, Gold MH, Kovacevic M, Mesinkovska NA, Goldust M, Washenik K. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain - A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Jul;19(7):1545-1547. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13443. Epub 2020 Apr 23.
PubMed 32301221McCoy J, Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Ramos PM, Washenik K, Andrade M, Herrera S, Goren A. Racial variations in COVID-19 deaths may be due to androgen receptor genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Are anti-androgens a potential treatment for COVID-19? J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Jul;19(7):1542-1543. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13455. Epub 2020 Jun 14. No abstract available.
PubMed 32333494Wambier CG, Goren A, Vano-Galvan S, Ramos PM, Ossimetha A, Nau G, Herrera S, McCoy J. Androgen sensitivity gateway to COVID-19 disease severity. Drug Dev Res. 2020 Nov;81(7):771-776. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21688. Epub 2020 May 15.
PubMed 32412125Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Herrera S, Hermosa-Gelbard A, Moreno-Arrones OM, Jimenez-Gomez N, Gonzalez-Cantero A, Fonda-Pascual P, Segurado-Miravalles G, Shapiro J, Perez-Garcia B, Goren A. Androgenetic alopecia present in the majority of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: The "Gabrin sign". J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug;83(2):680-682. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.079. Epub 2020 May 22.
PubMed 32446821Montopoli M, Zumerle S, Vettor R, Rugge M, Zorzi M, Catapano CV, Carbone GM, Cavalli A, Pagano F, Ragazzi E, Prayer-Galetti T, Alimonti A. Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532). Ann Oncol. 2020 Aug;31(8):1040-1045. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.479. Epub 2020 May 6.
PubMed 32387456McCoy J, Goren A, Cadegiani FA, Vano-Galvan S, Kovacevic M, Situm M, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Tosti A, Stanimirovic A, Fonseca D, Dorner E, Onety DC, Zimerman RA, Wambier CG. Proxalutamide Reduces the Rate of Hospitalization for COVID-19 Male Outpatients: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 19;8:668698. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.668698. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34350193
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Dec 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Anti-Androgen Treatment for COVID-19
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04446429
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AB-DRUG-SARS-004
- Conditions
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, Androgenetic Alopecia, Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
- Keywords
- Anti-Androgen, Proxalutamide
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 268 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Applied Biology, Inc.Industry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Study start
- 21 Oct 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 24 Dec 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 21 Jan 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 24 Jun 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 3 Feb 2021
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study is intended to explore the possible protective role of anti-androgens in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Detailed description
During the continuing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, several studies have reported a significant difference in the rate of severe cases between adult females and adult males (42% vs 58%).Among children under the age of 14, the rate of severe cases was reported to be extremely low. To explain this difference, several theories have been proposed including cigarette smoking and lifestyle habits. However, no theory fits both the gender difference in severe cases as well as reduced risk in pre-pubescent children. Our past research on male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has led us to investigate an association between androgens and COVID-19 pathogenesis. In normal subjects, androgen expression demonstrates significant variation between men and women as well as between adults and pre-pubescent children.
SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects type II pneumocytes in the human lung. SARS-CoV-2 enters pneumocytes, by anchoring to the ACE2 cell surface receptor. Prior to receptor binding, viral spike proteins undergo proteolytic priming by the transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 inhibition or knock down reduces ability of SARS-CoV-1 (a related virus to SARS-CoV-2) to infect cells in vitro. Additionally, TMPRSS2 also facilitates entry of influenza A and influenza B into primary human airway cells and type II pneumocytes.
The human TMPRSS2 gene has a 15 bp androgen response element and in humans, androgens are the only known transcription promoters for the TMPRSS2 gene. In a study of androgen-stimulated prostate cancer cells (LNCaP), TMPRSS2 mRNA expression increase was mediated by the androgen receptor. Further, the ACE2 receptor, also critical for SARS-CoV-2 viral infectivity, is affected by male sex hormones with higher activity found in males.
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), often referred to as male pattern hair loss, is the most common form of hair loss among men. The development of androgenetic alopecia is androgen mediated and is dependent on genetic variants found in the androgen receptor gene located on the X chromosome; thus, it is hypothesized that men with AGA would be more prone to severe COVID-19 disease. The investigators conducted a preliminary observational study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at two Spanish tertiary hospitals between March 23-April 6, 2020 to test this theory. In total, 41 Caucasian males admitted to the hospitals with a diagnosis of bilateral SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 58 years (range 23-79). Among them, 29 (71%) were diagnosed with AGA (16 (39%) were classified as severe AGA (Hamilton IV or above)) and 12 (29%) did not present clinical signs of AGA. The diagnosis of AGA was performed clinically by a dermatologist. The precise prevalence of AGA among otherwise healthy Spanish Caucasian males is unknown; however, based on published literature, the expected prevalence of a similar age-matched Caucasian population is approximately 31-53%.
Based on the scientific rationale combined with this preliminary observation, the investigators propose to test an anti-androgen as a treatment for patients recently diagnosed with COVID-19.
We have chosen the use of the novel second generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist proxalutamide as a means for rapid reduction in AR activity. Proxalutamide (GT0918) demonstrates a dual mechanism of action. It is highly effective in inhibiting AR as well as exhibiting pharmacological effects of inducing the down-regulation of AR expression; the mechanism that is not present in bicalutamide and enzalutamide. Additionally, it has been reported that Proxalutamide lowers the expression of ACE2. Both would be beneficial for preventing SARS-CoV-2 entry into lung cells.
This study is intended to explore the possible protective role of anti-androgens in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Provided anti-androgens are effective in reducing the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization, subjects enrolled in this study may experience a lower rate of hospitalization.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study is designed as a prospective, interventional, placebo controlled, double-blinded, randomized parallel assignment study.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Usual Care | Active comparator | Other: Standard of CareUsual care as determined by the PI |
| Proxalutamide + Usual Care | Experimental | Drug: ProxalutamideProxalutamide + Usual care as determined by the PI |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Male age ≥18 years old
- Laboratory confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 rtPCR test within 7 days prior to randomization
- Clinical status on the COVID-19 8-point Ordinal Scale of 1 or 2
- Coagulation: INR ≤ 1.5×ULN, and APTT ≤ 1.5×ULN
- Subject (or legally authorized representative) gives written informed consent prior to any study screening procedures
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- Subject enrolled in a study to investigate a treatment for COVID-19
- Subject taking an anti-androgen of any type including: androgen depravation therapy, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, etc…
- Patients who are allergic to the investigational product or similar drugs (or any excipients);
- Subjects who have malignant tumors in the past 5 years, with the exception of completed resected basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer and completely resected carcinoma in situ of any type
- Subjects with known serious cardiovascular diseases, congenital long QT syndrome, torsade de pointes, myocardial infarction in the past 6 months, or arterial thrombosis, or unstable angina pectoris, or congestive heart failure which is classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 or higher, or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50%, QTcF > 450 ms
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Proxalutamide200 mg q.d. | Drug | Proxalutamide + Usual Care |
| Standard of CareStandard of care as determined by the PI | Other | Usual Care |
Primary outcome
COVID-19 Hospitalization
Time frame: 30 days
Percentage of subjects hospitalized due to COVID-19
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Dec 2021.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 32237190Goren A, McCoy J, Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, Shapiro J, Dhurat R, Washenik K, Lotti T. What does androgenetic alopecia have to do with COVID-19? An insight into a potential new therapy. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13365. doi: 10.1111/dth.13365. Epub 2020 Apr 8. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 32301221Goren A, Vano-Galvan S, Wambier CG, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Moreno-Arrones OM, Shapiro J, Sinclair RD, Gold MH, Kovacevic M, Mesinkovska NA, Goldust M, Washenik K. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain - A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Jul;19(7):1545-1547. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13443. Epub 2020 Apr 23.
- Background: PubMed 32333494McCoy J, Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Ramos PM, Washenik K, Andrade M, Herrera S, Goren A. Racial variations in COVID-19 deaths may be due to androgen receptor genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Are anti-androgens a potential treatment for COVID-19? J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Jul;19(7):1542-1543. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13455. Epub 2020 Jun 14. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 32412125Wambier CG, Goren A, Vano-Galvan S, Ramos PM, Ossimetha A, Nau G, Herrera S, McCoy J. Androgen sensitivity gateway to COVID-19 disease severity. Drug Dev Res. 2020 Nov;81(7):771-776. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21688. Epub 2020 May 15.
- Background: PubMed 32446821Wambier CG, Vano-Galvan S, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Herrera S, Hermosa-Gelbard A, Moreno-Arrones OM, Jimenez-Gomez N, Gonzalez-Cantero A, Fonda-Pascual P, Segurado-Miravalles G, Shapiro J, Perez-Garcia B, Goren A. Androgenetic alopecia present in the majority of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: The "Gabrin sign". J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug;83(2):680-682. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.079. Epub 2020 May 22.
- Background: PubMed 32387456Montopoli M, Zumerle S, Vettor R, Rugge M, Zorzi M, Catapano CV, Carbone GM, Cavalli A, Pagano F, Ragazzi E, Prayer-Galetti T, Alimonti A. Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532). Ann Oncol. 2020 Aug;31(8):1040-1045. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.479. Epub 2020 May 6.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 34350193McCoy J, Goren A, Cadegiani FA, Vano-Galvan S, Kovacevic M, Situm M, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Tosti A, Stanimirovic A, Fonseca D, Dorner E, Onety DC, Zimerman RA, Wambier CG. Proxalutamide Reduces the Rate of Hospitalization for COVID-19 Male Outpatients: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 19;8:668698. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.668698. eCollection 2021.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Flavio A Cadegiani, MD principal investigator
Corpometria Institute
Andy Goren, MD study director
Applied Biology, Inc.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Proxalutamide in people with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV2, run by Applied Biology, Inc. at 1 site in Brazil.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Dec 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Brazil. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 3 Feb 2021). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
COVID-19 Hospitalization (time frame: 30 days). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04446429, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Dec 2021; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.