Postural; DefectNCT04256031
Effects of Smartphone Use on Posture, Pain, Function and QoL
An observational study of Postural; Defect and Neck Pain, Posterior, run by Yeditepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of the use of smartphone on the neck and shoulder posture, pain, and functions, and the quality of life in young adults. The sample of the study consists of university students. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Postural; Defect, Neck Pain, Posterior, Shoulder Pain
- What is being tested?
- Assessment
- How many people
- 106 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Oct 2019to 8 Feb 2020
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Study population: The sample of the study will consist of university students.
Who may be able to join
- To be willing and volunteer to participate in the study
- To be between 18 and 25 years old
- To have been using smartphone for more than 1 year
Who cannot join
- To have any health problem history or diagnosed pathology related with the neck or shoulder regions
- To have any history of trauma or surgery related to the neck or shoulder regions
- To have received any medical attention or treatment in the last six months because of a health problem related to neck or shoulder
- To have any diagnosed neurological problem
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Evaluation of the Effects of Smartphone Use on Posture, Pain, Function and Quality of Life in Young Adults
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of the use of smartphone on the neck and shoulder posture, pain, and functions, and the quality of life in young adults. The sample of the study consists of university students. According to the scores they got from the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, all participants will be divided into two groups. The neck and shoulder posture, pain, and functions, and the quality of life will be compared between the two groups.
Read the detailed description
The study will include 106 university students who are 18-25 years old. According to the scores they got from the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, all students will be divided into two groups as Excessive Smartphone Use Group and Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group, both consisting of 53 participants. Participants whose scores are higher than 30 will be included to the Excessive Smartphone Use Group, and whose scores are 30 or less will be included to the Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group. In the assessment of pain level, the Visual Analogue Scale will be used. Functional levels of the neck and shoulders will be evaluated with the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale and the Shoulder Disability Questionnaire. World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form will be utilized to assess the quality of life. Postural analyzes of the participants will be fulfilled with the New York Posture Rating Chart. All scores will be evaluated by comparing between the two groups.
- Conditions
- Postural; Defect, Neck Pain, Posterior, Shoulder Pain, Quality of Life
- Being tested
- Assessment
- Keywords
- Smartphone addiction, Forward head posture, Rounded shoulder, Neck pain, Shoulder pain, Quality of life
- Medical subject headings
- Neck Pain, Shoulder Pain, Internet Addiction Disorder
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
AssessmentOther
The structured questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scale, Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form, and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version will be applied to all participants respectively. Lastly, posture analysis will be performed to all participants by using the New York Posture Rating Chart.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Excessive Smartphone Use Group | Participants whose Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version scores are higher than 30 Receives: Other: Assessment | |
| Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group | Participants whose Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version scores are 30 or less Receives: Other: Assessment |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Posture
Posture will be examined with New York Posture Rating Chart which is a quantitative approach to assess the alignment of various body parts from posterior and lateral. The total score calculated after the evaluation is at most 65, and at least 13. The low score indicates impairments in posture.
Measured: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Pain level
In the assessment of the neck and shoulder pain levels the Visual Analogue Scale will be used. This scale is 10 cm long, and has two ends on a horizontal line. One of these two ends is called as "0", while one is named as "10". "0" point defines no pain, and "10" points describe the most severe pain.
Measured: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Neck function
Functional level of the neck will be evaluated with the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale. It is a valid and reliable tool for self-assessment of cervical pain and related disabilities, developed by Jordan el al. in 1998. The minimum score of the scale is 0, while the maximum score is 30. Disability level increases as the total score increases.
Measured: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Shoulder function
Functional level of the shoulder will be evaluated with the Shoulder Disability Questionnaire. It is a 16-items disability questionnaire related to shoulder pain. The result is calculated with a special formula, and evaluated out of 100. Disability level increases as the total score increases.
Measured: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Quality of life level
World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form will be utilized to assess the quality of life of participants. This questionnaire has been developed by World Health Organization, and has been validated in 1999 by Eser et al. in Turkish population. The scale does not have a total score, each field of the scale is evaluated independently in itself and is scored out of 20 or 100 points. The higher the score shows the higher the quality of life level.
Measured: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Smartphone addiction level
In determining the smartphone addiction levels of the participants, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version will be utilized. It is a self-assessment tool questioning smartphone usage, constituted by Kwon et al in 2013. The validity and reliability study of its Turkish version was made by Noyan et al. in 2015. The cut-off score for Turkish population was detected both for male and female students in 2017 by Şata and Karip. The lowest score of the scale is 10, while the highest score is 60. As the score obtained from the scale increases, the severity of smartphone addiction increases.
Measured: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Feb 2020
- Study start1 Oct 2019
- Primary completion8 Jan 2020
- Study completion8 Feb 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Postural; DefectStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Yeditepe University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Sıla Yılmaz, Yeditepe University
- Investigators
- Rasmi Muammer, Professor, Study chair, Yeditepe University, Department of Physiotherapy and RehabilitationSıla Yılmaz, PT, Principal investigator, Yeditepe University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04256031
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- YU1682
- Status last verified
- Mar 2025
- First submitted
- 3 Feb 2020
- Last updated
- 5 Mar 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Akodu AK, Akinbo SR, Young QO. Correlation among smartphone addiction, craniovertebral angle, scapular dyskinesis, and selected anthropometric variables in physiotherapy undergraduates. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018 Oct 5;13(6):528-534. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.09.001. eCollection 2018 Dec.
PubMed 31435373
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 5 Mar 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluation of the Effects of Smartphone Use on Posture, Pain, Function and Quality of Life in Young Adults
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04256031
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- YU1682
- Conditions
- Postural; Defect, Neck Pain, Posterior, Shoulder Pain, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- Smartphone addiction, Forward head posture, Rounded shoulder, Neck pain, Shoulder pain, Quality of life
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Yeditepe UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Oct 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 8 Jan 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 8 Feb 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 5 Feb 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of the use of smartphone on the neck and shoulder posture, pain, and functions, and the quality of life in young adults. The sample of the study consists of university students. According to the scores they got from the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, all participants will be divided into two groups. The neck and shoulder posture, pain, and functions, and the quality of life will be compared between the two groups.
Detailed description
The study will include 106 university students who are 18-25 years old. According to the scores they got from the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, all students will be divided into two groups as Excessive Smartphone Use Group and Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group, both consisting of 53 participants. Participants whose scores are higher than 30 will be included to the Excessive Smartphone Use Group, and whose scores are 30 or less will be included to the Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group. In the assessment of pain level, the Visual Analogue Scale will be used. Functional levels of the neck and shoulders will be evaluated with the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale and the Shoulder Disability Questionnaire. World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form will be utilized to assess the quality of life. Postural analyzes of the participants will be fulfilled with the New York Posture Rating Chart. All scores will be evaluated by comparing between the two groups.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Excessive Smartphone Use Group | – | Other: AssessmentParticipants whose Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version scores are higher than 30 |
| Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group | – | Other: AssessmentParticipants whose Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version scores are 30 or less |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- The sample of the study will consist of university students.
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- To be willing and volunteer to participate in the study
- To be between 18 and 25 years old
- To have been using smartphone for more than 1 year
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- To have any health problem history or diagnosed pathology related with the neck or shoulder regions
- To have any history of trauma or surgery related to the neck or shoulder regions
- To have received any medical attention or treatment in the last six months because of a health problem related to neck or shoulder
- To have any diagnosed neurological problem
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| AssessmentThe structured questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scale, Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form, and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version will be applied to all participants respectively. Lastly, posture analysis will be performed to all participants by using the New York Posture Rating Chart. | Other | Excessive Smartphone Use Group, Non-excessive Smartphone Use Group |
Primary outcome
Posture
Time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Posture will be examined with New York Posture Rating Chart which is a quantitative approach to assess the alignment of various body parts from posterior and lateral. The total score calculated after the evaluation is at most 65, and at least 13. The low score indicates impairments in posture.
Pain level
Time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)
In the assessment of the neck and shoulder pain levels the Visual Analogue Scale will be used. This scale is 10 cm long, and has two ends on a horizontal line. One of these two ends is called as "0", while one is named as "10". "0" point defines no pain, and "10" points describe the most severe pain.
Neck function
Time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Functional level of the neck will be evaluated with the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale. It is a valid and reliable tool for self-assessment of cervical pain and related disabilities, developed by Jordan el al. in 1998. The minimum score of the scale is 0, while the maximum score is 30. Disability level increases as the total score increases.
Shoulder function
Time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)
Functional level of the shoulder will be evaluated with the Shoulder Disability Questionnaire. It is a 16-items disability questionnaire related to shoulder pain. The result is calculated with a special formula, and evaluated out of 100. Disability level increases as the total score increases.
Quality of life level
Time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)
World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form will be utilized to assess the quality of life of participants. This questionnaire has been developed by World Health Organization, and has been validated in 1999 by Eser et al. in Turkish population. The scale does not have a total score, each field of the scale is evaluated independently in itself and is scored out of 20 or 100 points. The higher the score shows the higher the quality of life level.
Smartphone addiction level
Time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)
In determining the smartphone addiction levels of the participants, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version will be utilized. It is a self-assessment tool questioning smartphone usage, constituted by Kwon et al in 2013. The validity and reliability study of its Turkish version was made by Noyan et al. in 2015. The cut-off score for Turkish population was detected both for male and female students in 2017 by Şata and Karip. The lowest score of the scale is 10, while the highest score is 60. As the score obtained from the scale increases, the severity of smartphone addiction increases.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 5 Mar 2025.
- Background: PubMed 31435373Akodu AK, Akinbo SR, Young QO. Correlation among smartphone addiction, craniovertebral angle, scapular dyskinesis, and selected anthropometric variables in physiotherapy undergraduates. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018 Oct 5;13(6):528-534. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.09.001. eCollection 2018 Dec.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Rasmi Muammer, Professor study chair
Yeditepe University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
Sıla Yılmaz, PT principal investigator
Yeditepe University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Postural; Defect and Neck Pain, Posterior, run by Yeditepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 5 Mar 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Posture (time frame: 1 day (Instant single measure)). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04256031, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 5 Mar 2025.