Mild Cognitive ImpairmentPhase 2NCT04199767
SNIFF Multi-Device Study 2
A Phase 2 study testing 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) and 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Impairment, run by Wake Forest University Health Sciences at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The SNIFF Device study will involve using one of three devices to administer insulin through each participant's nose or intra-nasally, accompanied by a lumbar puncture. This goal of this study is to measure how much insulin the device delivers to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 55 to 85 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Cognitive Impairment
- What is being tested?
- 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) and 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 13 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 16 Jul 2020to 3 Nov 2020
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 55 to 85 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Fluent in English
- Cognitively normal or diagnosis of aMCI
- Stable medical condition for 3 months prior to screening visit
- Stable medications for 4 weeks prior to the screening and study visits
- Clinical laboratory values must be within normal limits or, if abnormal, must be judged to be clinically insignificant by the study physician
Who cannot join
- A diagnosis of dementia
- History of a clinically significant stroke
- Current evidence or history in past two years of epilepsy, head injury with loss of consciousness, any major psychiatric disorder including psychosis, major depression, bipolar disorder
- Diabetes (type I or type II) insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- Current or past regular use of insulin or any other anti-diabetic medication within 2 months of screening visit.
- History of seizure within past five years
Show all 11Show fewer
- Pregnancy or possible pregnancy.
- Use of anticoagulants warfarin (Coumadin) and dabigatran (Pradaxa)
- Residence in a skilled nursing facility at screening
- Use of an investigational agent within two months of screening visit
- Regular use of alcohol, narcotics, anticonvulsants, anti-parkinsonian medications, or any other exclusionary medications
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
About this study
Official title: SNIFF Multi-Device Study 2 - Study of Nasal Insulin to Fight Forgetfulness
The SNIFF Device study will involve using one of three devices to administer insulin through each participant's nose or intra-nasally, accompanied by a lumbar puncture. This goal of this study is to measure how much insulin the device delivers to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition, this study will look at the effects of insulin administered intra-nasally on memory, and on blood levels of insulin.
Read the detailed description
The aim of this study is to determine the ability of an intranasal delivery device to increase levels of insulin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
A growing body of evidence suggests that insulin plays a role in normal memory processes and that insulin abnormalities may contribute to cognitive and brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, insulin administered to the nasal cavity is transported within a few minutes into the brain, but does not affect blood sugar or insulin levels.
The study will consist of a single site, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the acute effects of INI 20 International Units or 40 International Units delivered with one of three nebulizer-like devices on CSF insulin levels, AD biomarkers and memory. At study entry, participants will be randomized to receive either 20 or 40 IU insulin first, and the opposite dose on a second visit. Participants who are cognitively normal or who have aMCI (n=30) will be enrolled. The primary outcome measure will be to establish which device and which dose provides the greatest increase in CSF insulin which will provide important evidence to be used in the design of future trials.
- Conditions
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Cognitive Impairment
- Being tested
- 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company), 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)
- Keywords
- Intranasal Delivery of Insulin, Cognitive Testing, Nasal Insulin
- Medical subject headings
- Cognitive Dysfunction
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)Drug
Also called Humulin® R U-100
Participants will be assigned to receive regular insulin either 20 or 40 IU administered through an intranasal nebulizer-like device.
40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)Drug
Also called Humulin® R U-100
Participants will be assigned to receive regular insulin either 40 or 20 IU administered through an intranasal nebulizer-like device.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| 20 IU Insulin first, then 40 IU Insulin | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive regular insulin (U100, 20 IU) administered with an intranasal nebulizer-like device. Participants in this arm will then receive regular insulin (U100, 40 IU) at visit 3 during second intervention period. Receives: Drug: 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) |
| 40 IU Insulin first, then 20 IU Insulin | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive regular insulin (U100, 40 IU) administered with an intranasal nebulizer-like device. Participants in this arm will then receive regular insulin (U100, 20 IU) at visit 3 during second intervention period. Receives: Drug: 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Insulin Levels
Change in cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels after receiving a 20 or 40 International Unit dose of insulin delivered with one of three devices
Measured: Baseline to 30 minutes after intervention administration
Secondary outcomes (2)
Auditory-Verbal Learning Test
Memory performance measured with Auditory Verbal Learning Test after administration of 20 or 40 IU insulin. Memory measure in which participant hears a list of 12 words and is asked to recall them immediately after hearing them. Total possible score is 12 for delayed recall with higher number of words being better.
Measured: Post lumbar puncture
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of AB42
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the 42 amino acid isoform of the beta amyloid peptide
Measured: 30 minutes after intervention administration
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 Dec 2019
- Study start16 Jul 2020
- Primary completion3 Nov 2020
- Study completion3 Nov 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (53)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Mild Cognitive ImpairmentStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- At study entry, participants will be randomized to receive either 20 or 40 International Units of insulin first and the opposite substance on a second visit.
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 13 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Suzanne Craft, PhD, Principal investigator, Wake Forest University Health Sciences
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04199767
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB00062612
- Status last verified
- Aug 2025
- First submitted
- 12 Dec 2019
- Last updated
- 7 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):270-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008. Epub 2011 Apr 21.
PubMed 21514249Baker H, Spencer RF. Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat. Exp Brain Res. 1986;63(3):461-73. doi: 10.1007/BF00237470.
PubMed 3758265Baker LD, Cross DJ, Minoshima S, Belongia D, Watson GS, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer-like reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism for cognitively normal adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. Arch Neurol. 2011 Jan;68(1):51-7. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.225. Epub 2010 Sep 13.
PubMed 20837822Balin BJ, Broadwell RD, Salcman M, el-Kalliny M. Avenues for entry of peripherally administered protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol. 1986 Sep 8;251(2):260-80. doi: 10.1002/cne.902510209.
PubMed 3782501Benedict C, Hallschmid M, Hatke A, Schultes B, Fehm HL, Born J, Kern W. Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Nov;29(10):1326-34. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.003.
PubMed 15288712Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr;93(4):1339-44. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2606. Epub 2008 Jan 29.
PubMed 18230654Born J, Lange T, Kern W, McGregor GP, Bickel U, Fehm HL. Sniffing neuropeptides: a transnasal approach to the human brain. Nat Neurosci. 2002 Jun;5(6):514-6. doi: 10.1038/nn849. No abstract available.
PubMed 11992114Bodian, D. and H. A. Howe (1941).
Broadwell RD, Balin BJ. Endocytic and exocytic pathways of the neuronal secretory process and trans-synaptic transfer of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in vivo. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Dec 22;242(4):632-50. doi: 10.1002/cne.902420410.
PubMed 2418083Cavanna AE, Trimble MR. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):564-83. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl004. Epub 2006 Jan 6.
PubMed 16399806Chiu SL, Chen CM, Cline HT. Insulin receptor signaling regulates synapse number, dendritic plasticity, and circuit function in vivo. Neuron. 2008 Jun 12;58(5):708-19. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.014.
PubMed 18549783Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, Minoshima S, Watson GS, Claxton A, Arbuckle M, Callaghan M, Tsai E, Plymate SR, Green PS, Leverenz J, Cross D, Gerton B. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2012 Jan;69(1):29-38. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.233. Epub 2011 Sep 12.
PubMed 21911655Craft S, Peskind E, Schwartz MW, Schellenberg GD, Raskind M, Porte D Jr. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer's disease: relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology. 1998 Jan;50(1):164-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.1.164.
PubMed 9443474Craft S, Watson GS. Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Mar;3(3):169-78. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00681-7.
PubMed 14980532De Felice FG, Vieira MN, Bomfim TR, Decker H, Velasco PT, Lambert MP, Viola KL, Zhao WQ, Ferreira ST, Klein WL. Protection of synapses against Alzheimer's-linked toxins: insulin signaling prevents the pathogenic binding of Abeta oligomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 10;106(6):1971-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809158106. Epub 2009 Feb 2.
PubMed 19188609
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 7 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- SNIFF Multi-Device Study 2 - Study of Nasal Insulin to Fight Forgetfulness
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04199767
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRB00062612
- Conditions
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Cognitive Impairment
- Keywords
- Intranasal Delivery of Insulin, Cognitive Testing, Nasal Insulin
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 13 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Wake Forest University Health SciencesUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Jul 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 3 Nov 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 3 Nov 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 Dec 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 2 Apr 2026
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The SNIFF Device study will involve using one of three devices to administer insulin through each participant's nose or intra-nasally, accompanied by a lumbar puncture. This goal of this study is to measure how much insulin the device delivers to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition, this study will look at the effects of insulin administered intra-nasally on memory, and on blood levels of insulin.
Detailed description
The aim of this study is to determine the ability of an intranasal delivery device to increase levels of insulin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
A growing body of evidence suggests that insulin plays a role in normal memory processes and that insulin abnormalities may contribute to cognitive and brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, insulin administered to the nasal cavity is transported within a few minutes into the brain, but does not affect blood sugar or insulin levels.
The study will consist of a single site, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the acute effects of INI 20 International Units or 40 International Units delivered with one of three nebulizer-like devices on CSF insulin levels, AD biomarkers and memory. At study entry, participants will be randomized to receive either 20 or 40 IU insulin first, and the opposite dose on a second visit. Participants who are cognitively normal or who have aMCI (n=30) will be enrolled. The primary outcome measure will be to establish which device and which dose provides the greatest increase in CSF insulin which will provide important evidence to be used in the design of future trials.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- At study entry, participants will be randomized to receive either 20 or 40 International Units of insulin first and the opposite substance on a second visit.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| 20 IU Insulin first, then 40 IU Insulin | Experimental | Drug: 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)Participants will be randomly assigned to receive regular insulin (U100, 20 IU) administered with an intranasal nebulizer-like device. Participants in this arm will then receive regular insulin (U100, 40 IU) at visit 3 during second intervention period. |
| 40 IU Insulin first, then 20 IU Insulin | Experimental | Drug: 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)Participants will be randomly assigned to receive regular insulin (U100, 40 IU) administered with an intranasal nebulizer-like device. Participants in this arm will then receive regular insulin (U100, 20 IU) at visit 3 during second intervention period. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 55 to 85 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Fluent in English
- Cognitively normal or diagnosis of aMCI
- Stable medical condition for 3 months prior to screening visit
- Stable medications for 4 weeks prior to the screening and study visits
- Clinical laboratory values must be within normal limits or, if abnormal, must be judged to be clinically insignificant by the study physician
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- A diagnosis of dementia
- History of a clinically significant stroke
- Current evidence or history in past two years of epilepsy, head injury with loss of consciousness, any major psychiatric disorder including psychosis, major depression, bipolar disorder
- Diabetes (type I or type II) insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- Current or past regular use of insulin or any other anti-diabetic medication within 2 months of screening visit.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)Also: Humulin® R U-100Participants will be assigned to receive regular insulin either 20 or 40 IU administered through an intranasal nebulizer-like device. | Drug | 20 IU Insulin first, then 40 IU Insulin |
| 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company)Also: Humulin® R U-100Participants will be assigned to receive regular insulin either 40 or 20 IU administered through an intranasal nebulizer-like device. | Drug | 40 IU Insulin first, then 20 IU Insulin |
Primary outcome
Cerebrospinal Fluid Insulin Levels
Time frame: Baseline to 30 minutes after intervention administration
Change in cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels after receiving a 20 or 40 International Unit dose of insulin delivered with one of three devices
2 secondary outcomes
Auditory-Verbal Learning Test
Time frame: Post lumbar puncture
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of AB42
Time frame: 30 minutes after intervention administration
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 7 Oct 2026.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 21514249Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):270-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008. Epub 2011 Apr 21.
- Background: PubMed 3758265Baker H, Spencer RF. Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat. Exp Brain Res. 1986;63(3):461-73. doi: 10.1007/BF00237470.
- Background: PubMed 20837822Baker LD, Cross DJ, Minoshima S, Belongia D, Watson GS, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer-like reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism for cognitively normal adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. Arch Neurol. 2011 Jan;68(1):51-7. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.225. Epub 2010 Sep 13.
- Background: PubMed 3782501Balin BJ, Broadwell RD, Salcman M, el-Kalliny M. Avenues for entry of peripherally administered protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol. 1986 Sep 8;251(2):260-80. doi: 10.1002/cne.902510209.
- Background: PubMed 15288712Benedict C, Hallschmid M, Hatke A, Schultes B, Fehm HL, Born J, Kern W. Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Nov;29(10):1326-34. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.003.
- Background: PubMed 18230654Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr;93(4):1339-44. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2606. Epub 2008 Jan 29.
- Background: PubMed 11992114Born J, Lange T, Kern W, McGregor GP, Bickel U, Fehm HL. Sniffing neuropeptides: a transnasal approach to the human brain. Nat Neurosci. 2002 Jun;5(6):514-6. doi: 10.1038/nn849. No abstract available.
- BackgroundBodian, D. and H. A. Howe (1941).
- Background: PubMed 2418083Broadwell RD, Balin BJ. Endocytic and exocytic pathways of the neuronal secretory process and trans-synaptic transfer of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in vivo. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Dec 22;242(4):632-50. doi: 10.1002/cne.902420410.
- Background: PubMed 16399806Cavanna AE, Trimble MR. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):564-83. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl004. Epub 2006 Jan 6.
- Background: PubMed 18549783Chiu SL, Chen CM, Cline HT. Insulin receptor signaling regulates synapse number, dendritic plasticity, and circuit function in vivo. Neuron. 2008 Jun 12;58(5):708-19. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.014.
- Background: PubMed 21911655Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, Minoshima S, Watson GS, Claxton A, Arbuckle M, Callaghan M, Tsai E, Plymate SR, Green PS, Leverenz J, Cross D, Gerton B. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2012 Jan;69(1):29-38. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.233. Epub 2011 Sep 12.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Suzanne Craft, PhD principal investigator
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing 20 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) and 40 IU Humulin® R U-100 (NDC: 0002-8215, Eli Lilly & Company) in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Impairment, run by Wake Forest University Health Sciences at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 7 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 2 Apr 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Cerebrospinal Fluid Insulin Levels (time frame: Baseline to 30 minutes after intervention administration). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04199767, which also lists 53 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 7 Oct 2026.