Pain Management After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

This is a prospective, randomized, controlled study comparing post-operative pain scores, morphine sulfate equivalence consumption values, and adverse events in patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty with general anesthesia. Group1 will receive a pre-operative, ultrasound guided indwelling Interscalene catheter through which ropivacaine will be delivered, and Group 2 will receive intra-operative local tissue infiltration with liposomal bupivacaine. The study will enroll 80 patients, 40 in each group. Patients will be scheduled for primary conventional or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Study Procedures:

Pre-Operative/ Group 1: Continuous Interscalene Block Before the patient is sedated, pre-operative pain will be assessed using the NPRS-11

• All patients to receive midazolam 0.02-0.05 mg/kg (max dose 4 mg).
• Continuous interscalene block with standardized technique:

Interscalene block under continuous ultrasound guidance with in-plane technique.

Confirmation of appropriate needle position with a bolus of D5W (3-10ml) followed by placement of interscalene catheter.

Bolus given of 30 ml 0.5% ropivacaine via the interscalene catheter with ultrasound visualization to confirm proper placement. Continuous infusion to begin immediately in PACU.

Confirmation of block by physical examination prior to proceeding to OR. If block not effective, patient to be excluded from study.

Pre-Operative/Group 2: Liposomal Bupivacaine Technique The liposomal bupivacaine will be administered by the surgeon in the OR Suite.

Pre-operative pain will be assessed using the NPRS-11 Standard shoulder arthroplasty is performed. A total injection volume of 100 cc will be comprised of 60 ml of 0.9% normal saline+ 20ml 0.5% bupivacaine + 20ml EXPAREL(liposomal bupivacaine 266mg) will be injected into the deep soft tissue using an 18 or 20 gauge needle prior to or after prosthesis insertion.

Intra Operative Management:

Once the patient is pre-medicated and the interscalene block (if appropriate) is performed, the patient is transferred to the operating room where general anesthesia (GA) is administered by standard protocol. Induction with propofol 2 to 3 mg/kg IV, 1-2 mg/kg lidocaine, and 0.5-1.0 mg/kg rocuronium. After induction and placement of the endotracheal tube, a balanced GA is maintained with Sevoflurane titrated to a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 0.9 to 1.2 and muscle relaxation maintained for the needs of the procedure. If the patient's heart rate or blood pressure increases by more than 20% above pre-op value as measured in pre-op holding, an intraoperative bolus of 25 to 50 micrograms (mcg) fentanyl is administered. As per protocol, fentanyl is the only opioid used intra-operatively. At the conclusion of the surgery, muscle relaxation is reverse, the endotracheal tube is removed and the patient is transferred to PACU.

Post operative Management in PACU

Upon arrival to PACU, the patient's pain is assessed using the NPRS-11. After assessment the following medications are administered:

Continuous interscalene/Group 1:

Infusion begun immediately upon arrival at a rate of 8 ml/hr. It will be increased by 2 ml/hr every 15 minutes for a pain score >4 (≥5) with a maximum rate of 14 ml/hr. Infusion to be delivered by ON-Q Select-a-Flow pump (volume 750 ml)

• Group1 and Group 2:
• Oxycodone 5mg po every 2 hours for pain score 2-4
• Hydromorphone IV of 0.3 mg every 8 minutes PRN for pain score >4 (≥5)
• If the pain score remains >4 (≥5) after three doses, the hydromorphone dose will be increased to 0.5 mg every 8 minutes
• Patient will be switched to morphine if intolerant of hydromorphone (such as rash, pruritus, or nausea uncontrolled with ondansetron): morphine initial dose of 1.5 mg every 8 minutes and increased to 2.0 mg if needed after three doses.
• NPRS-11 pain scoring will be performed upon arrival and every 15 minutes until actual discharge from the PACU.

1. Post-Operative Management/Patient Unit When the patient is clinically discharged from PACU by standard anesthesia protocol, they will be transferred to the post-operative patient unit. As per protocol, they will receive the following medications:

• Continuous interscalene/Group1:
• Infusion to be continued at the rate from PACU. Infusion will be increased by 2 ml/hr every 15 minutes for a pain score >4 (≥5) with a maximum rate of 14 ml/hr.
• Group 1 and Group 2:

Post-operative pain will be controlled using the following medications:

• Oxycodone 5 mg po every 2 hours for pain score 2 - 4.
• Hydromorphone IV of 0.4 mg every 30 minutes PRN for pain score >4 (≥5)
• If the pain score remains >4 (≥5) after three doses, the hydromorphone dose will be increased to 0.6-.0.8 mg every 30 minutes
• Patient will be switched to morphine if intolerant of hydromorphone (rash, pruritus, or nausea uncontrolled with ondansetron): morphine initial dose of 2 mg every 30minutes and increased to 3-4 mg if needed after three doses.
• NPRS-11 pain scoring will be performed upon arrival and at least every 4 hours.

Discharge/ Day 1-7

Patients will be discharged from the hospital when they have met the following criteria:

• Pain controlled with oral medication
• Physical Therapy (PT) will start on Post-Op Day 1. If patients are discharged the day of surgery, PT will be arranged prior to discharge.
• From a pain perspective, patients will not be discharged until pain is controlled (NPRS score of 4 or less) on oral medication. This would mean they would not be discharged home until 4 hours after their last dose of IV hydromorphone (or morphine if switched) in PACU or on the Patient Unit.
• Once discharged, patients' pain scores will be recorded twice a day. Patients will be contacted by the study nurse daily to collect the data.

Follow-Up Visits: 2Weeks, 6 Weeks, 12 Weeks

• A physical exam will be performed along with assessment of ROM and neurologic function.