Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents

Subjects and methods Subjects The study was conducted in 2009-2011 in a cross-sectional way in 3,325 children attending 5th and 6th grade in 20 public schools of Santiago, Chile. All students were invited to participate in the study.

Anthropometry and other physical examinations Field measurements were performed by a nurse and a nutritionist. Height and weight were measured with children barefoot and lightly clothed using a stadiometer and a beam-scale Seca ®, with an accuracy of 50 g. The individual height and weight values were established by averaging three measurements of each parameter. BMI was calculated and expressed in percentiles and z-scores (13): z-scores were calculated according to Center for Disease Control-National Center of Statistics 2000. Nutritional status was classified according to BMI percentiles in the obese category as ≥ 95 (14). WC was measured with an inextensible tape on the upper lateral border of the right ilium in the mid-axillary line at the end of an exhalation (15) ; two measurements were averaged and the ≥ 90th percentile was used as cutoff value (16). The triceps and subscapular skin folds were measured with a Harpenden ® caliper using a standard technique (15); both were used to calculate the percentage of FM using Slaughter equations (17) previously validated in Chilean children (18, 19). Elevated FM was established as ≥ 42% for girls with 10-15 years old, ≥ 38% for boys with ≤ 12 years old, and 40% for boys with ≥ 13 years old (20).

A Critikon ® Dinamap Pro 100 BP monitor was used according to international norms and the averages of three measurements of systolic BP (SBP) were obtained and classified as abnormal using the ≥ 90 percentile of the same reference (21). A voluntary private self-report of pubertal status was requested by observation of standardized photos of breast development in girls and genitalia in boys including the presence of pubic hair (22). Maternal years of education were registered to estimate socio-economic level (23).

Blood samples Subjects were instructed to fast (water was allowed) for 12 hours prior to drawing of blood; non compliers were asked to return another day for the blood sampling. A single laboratory was used for all blood analyses at the Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

Fasting venous blood samples were collected for determination of glucose (Gluco-quant method, Glucose / Hexokinase, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim) and insulin (immunoassay direct luminometer chemotherapy, ADVIA Centaur ® XP, Bayer HealthCare LLC, Kyowa Medex Co. Japan); this method measures concentrations of insulin from 0.5 to 300 mUI / mL (sensitivity 0.5 mUI / mL) with a coefficient of variation of 3.48% and 6.17% for concentrations of 23.51 mUI / mL and 62.49 mUI / mL. respectively. Triglycerides and HDL-C were analyzed on the Modular Analytics P-800 platform (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).