Effectiveness of a Pain Management Programme

Participants will be asked to stand quietly with your gaze at a fixation point, 3m away, at head height. When the participant has settled in double limb stance, arms by their sides they will be asked to instruct the researcher when they are ready. The centre of pressure data will then be recorded for 30 seconds. After the recording the participant will step off the force plate whilst it is re-calibrated giving them approximately one-minute rest before repeating the process so that three trials are recorded in total.

The balance tests will then be repeated in the same way except participants will be instructed to close their eyes.

Participants will be required to walk 25 feet, turn around and walk to the starting line as quickly as possible. The time taken will be recorded.

Participants will be required to sit-to-stand from a standard chair 5 times as quickly as possible. The time taken will be recorded. This will be repeated a further time and the average time take for the two trials used for analysis to enhance reliability (Simmonds et al., 1998).

It is measured on the line of progression between the heel points of two consecutive footprints of the same foot (left to left, right to right).

It is measured along the length of the walkway, from the heel center of the current footprint to the heel center of the previous footprint on the opposite foot.

It is the vertical distance from heel center of one footprint to the line of progression formed by two footprints of the opposite foot.

It is the angle between the line of progression and the midline of the footprint. In Figure 7, theta is the angle between the mid-line of the right footprint and the line of progression. Angle theta is zero if the geometric mid- line of the footprint is parallel to the line of progression; positive, toe-out, when the mid-line of the footprint is outside the line of progression and negative, toe-in, when inside the line of progression. The unit of measure is degrees.

It is measured from the midline midpoint of the current footprint to the midline midpoint of the previous footprint on the opposite foot.

It is the vertical distance from midline midpoint of one footprint to the line formed by midline midpoints of two footprints of the opposite foot.

It is the time elapsed from first contact of one foot to first contact of the opposite foot. It is measured in seconds (sec).

It is the time elapsed between the first contacts of two consecutive footfalls of the same foot. It is measured in seconds (sec).

It is the time elapsed between the Last Contact of the current footfall to the First Contact of the next footfall of the same foot.

It is the % time elapsed between the Last Contact of the current footfall to the First Contact of the next footfall of the same foot.

The two periods when both feet are on the floor, are called initial double support and terminal double support. Initial double support occurs from heel contact of one footfall to toe-off of the opposite footfall. Terminal double support occurs from opposite footfall heel strike to support footfall toe-off. Total double support is the sum of the initial double support added to the terminal double support. It is measured in seconds (sec).

The two periods when both feet are on the floor, are called initial double support and terminal double support. Initial double support occurs from heel contact of one footfall to toe-off of the opposite footfall. Terminal double support occurs from opposite footfall heel strike to support footfall toe-off. Total double support is the sum of the initial double support added to the terminal double support. It is measured in seconds (sec) and expressed as a percent of the Gait Cycle time for the same foot.

The stance phase is the weight bearing portion of each gait cycle. It is initiated by heel contact and ends with toe off of the same foot. It is the time elapsed between the First Contact and the Last Contact of two consecutive footfalls on the same foot. It is also presented as a percentage of the Gait Cycle time.

The stance phase is the weight bearing portion of each gait cycle. It is initiated by heel contact and ends with toe off of the same foot. It is the time elapsed between the First Contact and the Last Contact of two consecutive footfalls on the same foot. It is presented as a percentage of the Gait Cycle time.

It is initiated with toe off and ends with heel strike. It is the time elapsed between the Last Contact of the current footfall to the First Contact of the next footfall on the same foot. It is expressed in seconds (sec). The Swing Time is equal to the Single Support time of the opposite foot.

It is initiated with toe off and ends with heel strike. It is the time elapsed between the Last Contact of the current footfall to the First Contact of the next footfall on the same foot. It is expressed in seconds (sec) and it is presented as a percent of the Gait Cycle of the same foot. The Swing Time is equal to the Single Support time of the opposite foot.