The Effect of Myofascial Release in Patients With Cervicogenic Headache

Cervicogenic headache (CeH) is a secondary and often unilateral that is known by referring pain from soft or hard cervical structures to occipital, temporal, frontal and sometimes pre-orbital regions(Becker, 2010). Its prevalence within the general population is about 0.4-2.5% and in women four times more than men(Racicki, Gerwin, DiClaudio, Reinmann, \& Donaldson, 2013). It has been estimated that 15-20% of all chronic headaches include CeH (Racicki et al., 2013). According to reports, at a minimum about 7 million people travail from CeH that cause to waste many daily works and so decrease their performance strongly(Suijlekom, Lamé, Stomp-van den Berg, Kessels, \& Weber, 2003). Based on last version of "Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group" a list including some clinical criteria as pain by cervical movement or inappropriate sustained positions, soft tissue stiffness, neck pain and limited cervical Range of Motion (ROM) has been mentioned for CeH. The best available studies has showed that the C2-3 zygapophysial joints are the most common source of CeH, accounting for about 70% of cases(Hall, Briffa, Hopper, \& Robinson, 2010; Zito, Jull, \& Story, 2006). One of the major problem is overlapping of CeH with other type headaches like migraine and tension type headache (TTH)(Yi, Cook, Hamill-Ruth, \& Rowlingson, 2005) but it has been proven that the best clinical test with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing of CeH is upper cervical flexion-rotation test (FRT)(Amiri, Jull, \& Bullock-Saxton, 2003; Bravo Petersen \& Vardaxis, 2015). some investigations have linked CeH to painful dysfunction in the upper three cervical segments (C0-3)(Hall et al., 2007; Ogince, Hall, Robinson, \& Blackmore, 2007). Jull and et al at 1999 had noted that there is higher prevalence of cervical muscle tightness, assessed clinically in CeH patients(G Jull, Barrett, Magee, \& Ho, 1999; Zito et al., 2006). Nevertheless anatomically, there are some fascial connections between sub-occipital muscles with vertebra of C2 and Dura-mater (Robert Schleip, Jäger, \& Klingler, 2012). It has been assumed that fascial limitations in one region of the body cause undue stress in another regions of the body due to fascial continuity, Therefore fascial restriction in this region can limit the normal movement of muscles between fascial plates in different directions in sub-occipital region(Ajimsha, Al-Mudahka, \& Al-Madzhar, 2015; Robert Schleip, 2003). Recent Fascia Research Congresses (FRC) explained fascia as a 'soft tissue component of the connective tissue system that percolate the human body(Langevin \& Huijing, 2009) and is a part of body tensional force transmission system(R Schleip, Findley, Chaitow, \& Huijing, 2012). Myofascial Release (MFR) is a therapeutic technique that uses gentle pressure and stretching (in both forms of direct and indirect approaches) intended to restore decrease pain, optimized length, , and facilitate the release of fascial restrictions caused by injury, stress, repetitive use, and etc (J. F. Barnes, 1990; Robert Schleip, 2003). There are some studies about MFR and its effects that include: increase extensibilities of soft tissues, increase ROM, Improve joint biomechanics, decrease pain and muscles tone significantly (Ajimsha, 2011; Tozzi, Bongiorno, \& Vitturini, 2011). Although; a lot of remedies as physiotherapy, electrotherapy, exercises therapy and spinal mobilization are used for cervicogenic headache (GA Jull \& Stanton, 2005; Pöllmann, Keidel, \& Pfaffenrath, 1997) but it has not been studied specifically about sub-occipital MFR for CeH. Therefor the purpose of current study was to compare the effect of MFR Technique in the upper cervical region with common (Exs) on pain intensity, frequency, duration and Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) of upper cervical joints in subjects with CeH.