Smoking Cessation Intervention in Pregnant Women

Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to have detrimental effects on both the mother and the fetus. The perinatal period presents a critical opportunity to educate and support the mother as she attempts quit. Current studies suggest a median quit rate of only 4.9% in women receiving usual care (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, CBT), but a number of studies have investigated new interventions in addition to usual care to help increase compliance with smoking cessation. Pharmacological aids such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion are recommended as potential options by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology since they are considered safer than continued smoking during pregnancy. Studies thus far on smoking cessation with the help of electronic devices have demonstrated mixed results; however, the impact of texting in the pregnant population in combination with CBT and pharmacological therapy has yet to be assessed.

Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to have detrimental effects on both the mother and the fetus. Cigarettes contain over 3000 compounds many of which can cause risk to pregnancy. However, the nicotine and carbon monoxide components are of primary concern. Nicotine releases epinephrine, which results in a decrease in uterine blood flow and an increase in uterine resistance. There is also decreased production of fetal nitric oxide resulting in lower blood flow to the fetus and leading to decreased birth weight, length, and head circumference compared to non-smokers.

Studies have proven that exposure to tobacco can increase the risk for placental abruption, placental previa, preterm birth, antenatal death, sudden infant death syndromes, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and asthma. Compared to children of non-smoking mothers, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy had a higher BMI and increased odds for being overweight at 4-years of age; however, in the children whose mother quit smoking during pregnancy there was no increased risk of increased BMI or being overweight compared to the children of non-smoking mothers. According to the data from the 2009 Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS) approximately 12.4% of pregnant women with live births reported smoking during the last three months of pregnancy (PRAMS). Of the 25% of women who smoked in the 3 months prior to pregnancy, 52% quit during pregnancy; of those, 44% relapsed within 6 months after delivery. The perinatal period presents a critical opportunity to educate and support the mother as she attempts quit.

Current studies evaluating rates of smoking cessation in pregnant women show less than ideal results. A primary analysis of 12 pooled trials found a median quit rate of 4.9% in women with usual care. This rate increased to 13.2% in patients that received tailored self-help intervention.12 To help increase compliance with cessation, studies have investigated new interventions as part of the usual care provided to pregnant patients that continue to smoke. One study looked at including a 15-minute video and provider prompting at baseline and one month. Although a higher percentage of patients in the intervention group had a higher 30-day abstinence rate at 2-months post baseline, the finding was not significant (26.1% vs 10.5%, p=0.12) although the study did not discuss if this was an appropriately powered sample size. Another study looking at the combination of smoking cessation education, physical activity counseling and supervised exercise found a 25% abstinence rate at 8-months gestation. The use of NRT has also been studied. One study found that CBT plus NRT verses CBT alone was effective at 7-weeks (24% vs 8%, p=0.02) and 38-weeks' gestation (18% vs 7%, p=0.04), unfortunately there was no benefit at 3-months post-partum (20% vs. 14%, p=0.55).

The use of pharmacological aids for smoking cessation is recommended as a potential option by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Currently, NRT products and bupropion are appropriate options during pregnancy and are the most utilized therapy for cessation during pregnancy. Although classified as pregnancy category-D medication, NRT patches are often used to assist the pregnant patient in smoking cessation when CBT is not successful. A review looking at 4-studies that examined pregnancy outcomes after NRT, found a significant decrease in the risk of preterm delivery and low-birth weight compared to active smokers. NRT is considered safer than continued smoking since it only provides nicotine whereas smoking provides nicotine plus over 3000 other chemicals. It has also improved cessation rates near the quit date compared to CBT in obstetric patients. Similarly, bupropion has improved cessation rates in non-obstetric patients and has not been associated with malformations or abnormal pregnancy outcomes.

The transtheoretical stages of change assessment is beneficial to help determine a patient's readiness to quit. Data has shown that the stages predict preparation for cessation and successful cessation. In the precontemplative stage, patients are not willing to consider smoking cessation. The contemplative stage is defined as patients considering smoking cessation but not ready to set a quit date. Preparation stage occurs when patient is ready to set a quit date within the next 30 days. In the action stage, patients have been smoke free for less than six months. Maintenance stage is cessation longer than 6 months. Relapse is when patients have starting smoking again after being in the action stage. In other obstetric smoking cessation literature, relapse has been defined as smoking more than 5 cigarettes or smoking more than 5 times since cessation.

Mobile technology is common place in today's society. According to the 2013 Nielsen report, 94% of all Americans 16 years of age or older use a cellular phone with more than half of those being smart phones. A total of 96% of phone owners have a data plan included. In 2012, the average monthly usage included 164.5 calls, 644.1 voice minutes, and 764.2 text messages. Ownership of cell phones and high tech devices extends to all socioeconomic classes, and the ease and affordability has made cell phone use common for all races and income brackets. When looking at text message specifically for race 79% of whites, 85% of Blacks and 87% of Hispanics report text messaging. When looking at household income 78% of those making < 30K, 80% of those making between 30k-50k, and 88% of those making greater than 50k are active texters. African Americans are more likely than the general population to own smart phones (71% vs. 62%) and are 44% more likely than the broader market to create a social media profile. Over a monthly basis, African Americans also spend 24% more time on their phone , 12% more time on email, and 10% more time on the internet. Hispanics text the greatest of all ethnic groups at 943 text messages per month. Based on this data, it is apparent that mobile phone messaging is a potential convenient and cost-effective way to interact with patients of all races and income levels.

Results of current studies looking at smoking cessation with the help of computer or other electronic device are mixed. Several trials have looked at the use of text-messaging based smoking cessation programs. One randomized controlled pilot trial of 151 daily smokers interested in quitting found a non-clinically significant difference in cessation rates at 3 months between the intervention and control groups (11% versus 4%), this study was not powered to detect a statistical difference. A small pilot study evaluating Text2Quit, an automated, personalized, and interactive program that sends texts and emails over the course of 3 months, reported liking the program at 2 and 4 weeks after enrollment (91% and 82%, respectively) and 75% of participants reported reading most or all of the messages sent. Unfortunately, the majority of participants admitted to smoking at the 4-week visit. The txt2stop study was a trial of 5800 smokers that were randomized to receive text messages that were comprised of motivational and behaviour-change support versus the control group who received text messages unrelated to quitting. At 6-months abstinence was significantly increased in the intervention group versus the control group (10.7% vs. 4.9%; p<0.0001).