Mild Traumatic Brain InjuryPhase 1NCT02723344
Biological Signatures, Probiotic Among Those With mTBI and PTSD
A Phase 1 study testing of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938) and Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils in people with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, run by VA Office of Research and Development at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Exaggerated inflammation in the body and brain is thought to play a role in the vulnerability to and aggravation and perpetuation of adverse consequences among those with co-occurring mild TBI (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 50 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- What is being tested?
- of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938) and Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 75 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Aug 2016to 1 Jun 2019
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 50 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- History of at least one deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND)
- History of mTBI per the Ohio State University (OSU) TBI-ID85 with any endorsement of post concussive symptoms (PCS) associated with an mTBI, which occurred at least 6 months prior to the baseline assessment
- Current symptoms in 3 or more of the following ICD-10 Post Concussive Symptom86 categories as measured by the Rivermead Post Concussive Symptom Questionnaire (RPCSQ87; score of 2 or greater per symptom to qualify):
- headache
- dizziness
- malaise
Show all 22Show fewer
- fatigue
- noise intolerance
- irritability
- depression
- anxiety
- emotional lability
- subjective concentration
- memory
- intellectual difficulties
- and/or insomnia
- Current diagnosis of PTSD per the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-5 (CAPS-5)88
- Medical clearance by study physicians to participate in the protocol
- Age between 18 and 50
- Ability to provide informed consent
- Willingness not to take probiotic supplements (pills, tablets, oils, etc.) other than the product provided in the clinical study until all study procedures are completed
- Willingness to provide blood, as well as stool samples
Who cannot join
- Inability to adequately respond to questions regarding the informed consent procedure
- Currently involved in the criminal justice system as a prisoner or ward of the state
- Non-English speaking
- Current (past month) alcohol or substance abuse or dependence
- Lifetime history of bipolar disorder or psychosis or anxiety disorders (excluding PTSD)
- Current major depressive disorder (MDD)
Show all 36Show fewer
- Consistent (e.g., 5x/week or greater) probiotic supplementation within the last month, including probiotic food products such as yogurt, as determined by phone screen interview and Probiotic Food Check List
- Receiving antibiotics within the last month; use of topical antibiotics or topical steroids on the face, scalp, or neck or on arms, forearms, or hands within the previous 7 days
- Receiving medications that interfere with gut motility (opiates, loperamide, stool softeners)
- Presence of central venous catheters (CVCs)
- Gastrointestinal (GI) barriers as identified by the 2-week run-in period as determined by the study team (e.g., daily GI discomfort with frequent diarrhea prior to supplementation)
- Participation in conflicting interventional research protocol
- Body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 35 or less than or equal to 18
- Vital signs outside of acceptable range, i.e., blood pressure >160/100, oral temperature >100 F, pulse >100
- Use of any of the following drugs within the last 6 months:
- systemic antibiotics
- antifungals
- antivirals or antiparasitics (intravenous, intramuscular, or oral)
- oral
- intravenous
- intramuscular
- nasal or inhaled corticosteroids
- cytokines or cytokine inhibitors
- methotrexate or immunosuppressive cytotoxic agents
- Acute disease at the time of enrollment (defer sampling until subject recovers)
- Acute disease is defined as the presence of a moderate or severe illness with or without fever
- Chronic, clinically significant (unresolved, requiring on-going medical management or medication) pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic or renal functional abnormality, as determined by medical history or physical examination other than irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- History of cancer except for squamous or basal cell carcinomas of the skin that have been medically managed by local excision
- Unstable dietary history as defined by major changes in diet during the previous month, where the subject has eliminated or significantly increased a major food group in the diet
- Positive test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus, or Hepatitis C virus
- Any confirmed or suspected condition/state of immunosuppression or immunodeficiency (primary or acquired) including HIV infection
- Major surgery of the GI tract, with the exception of cholecystectomy and appendectomy, in the past five years. Any major bowel resection at any time
- Regular urinary incontinence necessitating use of incontinence protection garments
- Female who is pregnant or lactating
- Treatment for or suspicion of ever having had toxic shock syndrome
- Those receiving immunosuppressive drugs or treatment including antineoplastic therapy, post-transplantation immunosuppressive therapy, and/or radiation therapy
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
Aurora, Colorado, 80045
About this study
Official title: Biological Signature and Safety of an Immunomodulatory Probiotic Intervention for Veterans With Co-Occurring Mild TBI and PTSD
Exaggerated inflammation in the body and brain is thought to play a role in the vulnerability to and aggravation and perpetuation of adverse consequences among those with co-occurring mild TBI (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The proposed study begins the process of investigating the use of a natural immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory probiotic to treat chronic symptoms associated with co-occurring mTBI and PTSD among Veterans. By looking at the impact of probiotic supplementation on biological signatures of increased inflammation, as reflected by the gut microbiota, gut permeability, and biomarkers of peripheral inflammation, this study may lead to the identification of a novel intervention for the treatment of symptoms associated with these frequently co-occurring conditions.
Read the detailed description
United States military Veterans from recent conflicts are coping with symptoms related to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), persistent post concussive (PPC) symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many Veterans are resistant to conventional health and mental health interventions (e.g., medication, psychotherapy), and often symptoms are not significantly improved by traditional treatments. Moreover, there are limited treatments for symptoms associated with both conditions, which frequently co-occur. Alternative treatment methods are needed. One potential common underlying feature of both mTBI and PTSD is exaggerated inflammation, both peripherally and in the central nervous system, which is thought to play an important role in the vulnerability to, aggravation of, and perpetuation of adverse consequences of these often co-occurring conditions. Therefore, a novel intervention strategy would be the use of immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory probiotics to reduce inflammation. In this study, the investigators will investigate the effects of an immunoregulatory probiotic on both biological signatures of systemic inflammatory processes and proximal signatures of probiotic administration. Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), a commensal organism that colonizes the human gut mucosa, suppresses mucosal inflammation via inhibition of the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and is the probiotic of interest. Specific aims of the study are to determine the: 1) effects of L. reuteri on biological signatures of gut microbiota, gut permeability, systemic inflammation processes, and stress responses; 2) feasibility of L. reuteri supplementation; 3) acceptability of L. reuteri supplementation; and 4) tolerability and safety of L. reuteri supplementation. Project aims will be assessed using a longitudinal, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled design. Participants will be Veterans with PPC symptoms, PTSD, and evidence of elevated systemic inflammation (based on high baseline plasma C-reactive protein [CRP] concentrations). After initial evaluation procedures, 20 participants will be randomized to probiotic supplementation and 20 will be randomized to placebo supplementation. The proposed line of research addresses the Office of Rehabilitation Research and Development (RR\&D) Service's goal of identifying means of intervening to increase function among those with mTBI and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Long-term, this study may lead to a paradigm shift in the manner by which the investigators target clinical symptoms associated with PPC and PTSD symptoms, by beginning the process of supporting a multitargeted, neuroprotective approach.
- Being tested
- of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938), Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils
- Keywords
- PTSD, Mild TBI, Probiotic, Inflammation
- Medical subject headings
- Brain Concussion, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Inflammation
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938)Dietary supplement
Commercially available L. reuteri (deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) and referenced as DSM 17938; Gerber Soothe Colic Drops, 100 million CFU/5 drops; formerly known as L. reuteri ATCC 55730) will be used in the proposed study. L. reuteri (phylum Firmicutes) is a gram-positive anaerobic commensal bacteria found in the gut microbiome of humans. Independent testing of the viability of the commercial product will be conducted in our laboratories by diluting drops, plating on agar in triplicate, and anaerobic culturing at 37 oC. The commercial strain (DSM 17938) has been used to improve intestinal functions in infants and reduce symptoms of infantile colic.
Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oilsOther
Also called Placebo
Placebo
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| L. reuteri | Experimental | Commercially available L. reuteri (deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) and referenced as DSM 17938; Gerber Soothe Colic Drops, 100 million CFU/5 drops; formerly known as L. reuteri ATCC 55730) will be used in the proposed study. L. reuteri (phylum Firmicutes) is a gram-positive anaerobic commensal bacteria found in the gut microbiome of humans. Independent testing of the viability of the commercial product will be conducted in our laboratories by diluting drops, plating on agar in triplicate, and anaerobic culturing at 37 oC. The commercial strain (DSM 17938) has been used to improve intestinal functions in infants and reduce symptoms of infantile colic. Receives: Dietary Supplement: of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938) |
| Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils | Placebo comparator | Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils Receives: Other: Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
C-Reactive Protein Change
Inflammation - Biological Signature (Blood)
Measured: Baseline and approximately 10 weeks
Secondary outcomes (1)
Tumor Necrosis Factor Change
Inflammation - Biological Signature (Blood)
Measured: 2 weeks and approximately 10 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Mar 2016 (estimated)
- Study start1 Aug 2016
- Primary completion31 May 2019
- Study completion1 Jun 2019
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Mild Traumatic Brain InjuryStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by VA Office of Research and DevelopmentThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Biologic
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 75 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- VA Office of Research and Development
- Sponsor type
- US federal agency
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Lisa A Brenner, PhD, Principal investigator, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02723344
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- N2232-P
- Status last verified
- Aug 2020
- First submitted
- 1 Mar 2016
- Last updated
- 18 Aug 2020
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Brenner LA, Forster JE, Stearns-Yoder KA, Stamper CE, Hoisington AJ, Brostow DP, Mealer M, Wortzel HS, Postolache TT, Lowry CA. Evaluation of an Immunomodulatory Probiotic Intervention for Veterans With Co-occurring Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Oct 20;11:1015. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01015. eCollection 2020.
PubMed 33192959
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Aug 2020. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Biological Signature and Safety of an Immunomodulatory Probiotic Intervention for Veterans With Co-Occurring Mild TBI and PTSD
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02723344
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- N2232-P
- Keywords
- PTSD, Mild TBI, Probiotic, Inflammation
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 75 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- VA Office of Research and DevelopmentUS federal agency
- Study start
- 1 Aug 2016 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 May 2019 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Jun 2019 (actual)
- First posted
- 30 Mar 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 28 Jul 2020
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Exaggerated inflammation in the body and brain is thought to play a role in the vulnerability to and aggravation and perpetuation of adverse consequences among those with co-occurring mild TBI (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The proposed study begins the process of investigating the use of a natural immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory probiotic to treat chronic symptoms associated with co-occurring mTBI and PTSD among Veterans. By looking at the impact of probiotic supplementation on biological signatures of increased inflammation, as reflected by the gut microbiota, gut permeability, and biomarkers of peripheral inflammation, this study may lead to the identification of a novel intervention for the treatment of symptoms associated with these frequently co-occurring conditions.
Detailed description
United States military Veterans from recent conflicts are coping with symptoms related to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), persistent post concussive (PPC) symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many Veterans are resistant to conventional health and mental health interventions (e.g., medication, psychotherapy), and often symptoms are not significantly improved by traditional treatments. Moreover, there are limited treatments for symptoms associated with both conditions, which frequently co-occur. Alternative treatment methods are needed. One potential common underlying feature of both mTBI and PTSD is exaggerated inflammation, both peripherally and in the central nervous system, which is thought to play an important role in the vulnerability to, aggravation of, and perpetuation of adverse consequences of these often co-occurring conditions. Therefore, a novel intervention strategy would be the use of immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory probiotics to reduce inflammation. In this study, the investigators will investigate the effects of an immunoregulatory probiotic on both biological signatures of systemic inflammatory processes and proximal signatures of probiotic administration. Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), a commensal organism that colonizes the human gut mucosa, suppresses mucosal inflammation via inhibition of the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and is the probiotic of interest. Specific aims of the study are to determine the: 1) effects of L. reuteri on biological signatures of gut microbiota, gut permeability, systemic inflammation processes, and stress responses; 2) feasibility of L. reuteri supplementation; 3) acceptability of L. reuteri supplementation; and 4) tolerability and safety of L. reuteri supplementation. Project aims will be assessed using a longitudinal, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled design. Participants will be Veterans with PPC symptoms, PTSD, and evidence of elevated systemic inflammation (based on high baseline plasma C-reactive protein [CRP] concentrations). After initial evaluation procedures, 20 participants will be randomized to probiotic supplementation and 20 will be randomized to placebo supplementation. The proposed line of research addresses the Office of Rehabilitation Research and Development (RR\&D) Service's goal of identifying means of intervening to increase function among those with mTBI and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Long-term, this study may lead to a paradigm shift in the manner by which the investigators target clinical symptoms associated with PPC and PTSD symptoms, by beginning the process of supporting a multitargeted, neuroprotective approach.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Biologic
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| L. reuteri | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938)Commercially available L. reuteri (deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) and referenced as DSM 17938; Gerber Soothe Colic Drops, 100 million CFU/5 drops; formerly known as L. reuteri ATCC 55730) will be used in the proposed study. L. reuteri (phylum Firmicutes) is a gram-positive anaerobic commensal bacteria found in the gut microbiome of humans. Independent testing of the viability of the commercial product will be conducted in our laboratories by diluting drops, plating on agar in triplicate, and anaerobic culturing at 37 oC. The commercial strain (DSM 17938) has been used to improve intestinal functions in infants and reduce symptoms of infantile colic. |
| Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils | Placebo comparator | Other: Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oilsSunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 50 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (22 listed)
- History of at least one deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND)
- History of mTBI per the Ohio State University (OSU) TBI-ID85 with any endorsement of post concussive symptoms (PCS) associated with an mTBI, which occurred at least 6 months prior to the baseline assessment
- Current symptoms in 3 or more of the following ICD-10 Post Concussive Symptom86 categories as measured by the Rivermead Post Concussive Symptom Questionnaire (RPCSQ87; score of 2 or greater per symptom to qualify):
- Current diagnosis of PTSD per the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-5 (CAPS-5)88
- Medical clearance by study physicians to participate in the protocol
Key exclusion criteria (36 listed)
- Inability to adequately respond to questions regarding the informed consent procedure
- Currently involved in the criminal justice system as a prisoner or ward of the state
- Non-English speaking
- Current (past month) alcohol or substance abuse or dependence
- Lifetime history of bipolar disorder or psychosis or anxiety disorders (excluding PTSD)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938)Commercially available L. reuteri (deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) and referenced as DSM 17938; Gerber Soothe Colic Drops, 100 million CFU/5 drops; formerly known as L. reuteri ATCC 55730) will be used in the proposed study. L. reuteri (phylum Firmicutes) is a gram-positive anaerobic commensal bacteria found in the gut microbiome of humans. Independent testing of the viability of the commercial product will be conducted in our laboratories by diluting drops, plating on agar in triplicate, and anaerobic culturing at 37 oC. The commercial strain (DSM 17938) has been used to improve intestinal functions in infants and reduce symptoms of infantile colic. | Dietary supplement | L. reuteri |
| Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oilsAlso: PlaceboPlacebo | Other | Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils |
Primary outcome
C-Reactive Protein Change
Time frame: Baseline and approximately 10 weeks
Inflammation - Biological Signature (Blood)
1 secondary outcome
Tumor Necrosis Factor Change
Time frame: 2 weeks and approximately 10 weeks
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Aug 2020.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 33192959Brenner LA, Forster JE, Stearns-Yoder KA, Stamper CE, Hoisington AJ, Brostow DP, Mealer M, Wortzel HS, Postolache TT, Lowry CA. Evaluation of an Immunomodulatory Probiotic Intervention for Veterans With Co-occurring Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Oct 20;11:1015. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01015. eCollection 2020.
- Click here for more information about this study: Biological Signature and Safety of an Immunomodulatory Probiotic Intervention for Veterans with Co-Occurring Mild TBI and PTSDLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Enrolling by invitationPhase 1
Pilot Safety and Exploratory Efficacy of PSC-05 for the Treatment of Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Recruiting
Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) in Individuals With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)
Sleep Architecture, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Recruiting
Virtual Reality in Rehabilitation of Executive Functions in Children With Mild or Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury
Active, not recruiting
Pilot TMS in Mild TBI
Persistent Post Concussive Headache, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Recruiting
Non-invasive Stimulation of the Glymphatic System for Slowing Cognitive Decline
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Post Concussion Syndrome
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Lisa A Brenner, PhD principal investigator
Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1 study testing of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri; DSM 17938) and Sunflower and medium chain triglyceride oils in people with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, run by VA Office of Research and Development at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 22 inclusion and 36 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Aug 2020. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 28 Jul 2020). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
C-Reactive Protein Change (time frame: Baseline and approximately 10 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02723344, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Aug 2020; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.