Pediatric Preoperative AnxietyNCT02286674
Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety
A study testing Tablet (Audio/Visual Device) in people with Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety, run by McLaren Health Care at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Anxiety in children undergoing surgery is a central concern to both parents and healthcare workers, including nurses, surgeons, and anesthesiologists. It has been ranked by anesthesiologists as one of the top five important low-morbidity anesthesia outcomes (1). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 2 to 12 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety
- What is being tested?
- Tablet (Audio/Visual Device)
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 200 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Nov 2014to Jan 2017
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 2 to 12 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Ages 2-12
- Outpatient surgery procedures
- ASA I of II (No or mild systemic disease)
- Parental/guardian ability to understand and willingness to sign written informed consent
- Patient assent to use tablet, if they are randomized to the study group
- Anesthetic plan includes sevoflurane inhalation induction as determined by the anesthesiologist
Who cannot join
- Psychoactive medications (e.g. antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, antidepressants, narcotics)
- Diagnosed psychiatric disease
- Developmental disabilities
- History of photosensitive seizures
- Patient requiring sedative or narcotic medications prior to induction of anesthesia, as determined by the anesthesiologist.
- Parental/guardian inability to understand or refusal to sign written informed consent
Show all 9Show fewer
- Patient unwillingness or inability to use tablet
- Anesthetic plan does not include sevoflurane induction, as determined by anesthesiologist.
- Non English speaking patient and/or parent/guardian
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
McLaren Greater Lansing Hospital
Lansing, Michigan, 48910
About this study
Official title: Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial.
Anxiety in children undergoing surgery is a central concern to both parents and healthcare workers, including nurses, surgeons, and anesthesiologists. It has been ranked by anesthesiologists as one of the top five important low-morbidity anesthesia outcomes (1). This study would determine whether such devices would decrease anxiety in children prior to induction of anesthesia for outpatient surgery. Two hundred children ages 2-12 will be enrolled.
Read the detailed description
Anxiety in children undergoing surgery is a central concern to both parents and healthcare workers, including nurses, surgeons, and anesthesiologists. It has been ranked by anesthesiologists as one of the top five important low-morbidity anesthesia outcomes (1). Extensive research has been done characterizing, quantifying, and risk stratifying anxiety in this group as well as identifying a multitude of treatment options both pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Up to 60% of all children develop anxiety in the preoperative holding area and during anesthetic induction (2). The incidence can be much higher in some subpopulations. Preoperative anxiety has been attributed to number of causes including separation from parents and uncertainty about anesthesia, the procedure, and outcome (3).
Interestingly, anxiety prior to surgery has effects that extend into the intraoperative, acute recovery and subacute recovery timeframes. Patients with high levels of preoperative anxiety have been found to require greater anesthetic dosages (4). There is a higher incidence of emergence delirium in children with higher levels of preoperative anxiety (5, 6). These patients also have with a higher incidence of postoperative pain and require more analgesic medications (7). Furthermore, there are well documented maladaptive behavioral changes that can occur in 30-54% of children two weeks following surgery (8). These include generalized anxiety, nighttime crying, enuresis, separation anxiety, and temper tantrums. Twenty percent of these children maintain this behavior at 6 months and 7% persist at 1 year after the operation (9). High preoperative anxiety levels correlate with these behavior changes (2, 5, 8,10).
Many other interventions have been tried to decrease anxiety with varying success. Most are aimed at distraction. Music therapy appears to be therapist-dependent (12). Hand held video games appear to help decrease anxiety, even during induction (13). Even having clowns in the operating room at induction of anesthesia seems to help -- the study concluded that staff were quite resistant to maintaining the clown program (14). Interestingly, a small randomized controlled trial showed that parents distracting their children during induction with novel toys and books or blowing bubbles did not decrease anxiety (15).
Few studies have considered the use of tablets as distraction tools for children undergoing surgery. Low and Pittaway briefly described using an iPhone™ to distract 93 children in the preoperative period (16). However, the results are simply anecdotal. Patel et al. described a randomized control trial using hand held video games as a means of distraction compared to midazolam and a control group. They used the well validated and extensively used modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score (17) to measure anxiety levels. However, this study included parents being present at induction in all the groups, which may make the results difficult to apply at the majority of institutions, where parental presence is not used - our institution included (11).
In addition, premedication may be given to 50% of patients nationally, but it is not popular among parents (11,18). If the majority of practitioners do not use parental presence at induction, preoperative education programs are not yet in widespread use and half of patients are not premedicated, that leaves a significant portion of the population with little intervention for the time of separation and for time of induction of anesthesia. Finding an economical, efficient means to help decrease anxiety without high doses of premedication would be quite appealing.
This study would determine whether such devices would decrease anxiety in children prior to induction of anesthesia for outpatient surgery. Two hundred children ages 2-12 will be enrolled. Half would be in the control group, which would receive standard care. Half would be in the study group, which would receive a tablet device in the preoperative holding area and would be allowed to watch TV or movies from a preloaded list until they are given anesthetic gases in the operating room. The subjects would be observed for outward signs of anxiety and scored using a well validated and well used anxiety scale, the modified Yale preoperative anxiety scale, at several points in time prior to induction of anesthesia. The expected total study length is 6 months based on the current number of pediatric cases at the study site.
- Conditions
- Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety
- Being tested
- Tablet (Audio/Visual Device)
- Keywords
- mYpas, anxiety, distraction, inhalation induction
- Medical subject headings
- Anxiety Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Tablet (Audio/Visual Device)Other
Subjects will be given a tablet to use before surgery
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Tablet for watching movie | Experimental | The study group will receive standard of care in addition to a tablet to watch movies and/or TV Receives: Other: Tablet (Audio/Visual Device) |
| Standard of care - no tablet | No intervention | The control group will receive standard of care only. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score
Anytime prior to patient being ifnormed of group assignment
Measured: Baseline
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score
Approx 15-20 minutes after the study group participants receive a tablet
Measured: Upon patient spearation from parents Approx 15-20 minutes
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score
1-32 minutes after #2
Measured: Patient enters operating room 1-32 minutes
Yale Preoperative Aniety Score
1-2 minutes after #3
Measured: Placement of face mask on patient ofr anesthetic delivery 1-2 minutes
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted10 Nov 2014 (estimated)
- Study startNov 2014
- Primary completionNov 2016
- Study completionJan 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (18)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Pediatric Preoperative AnxietyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 200 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- McLaren Health Care
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, MCRI Staff, McLaren Health Care
- Investigators
- Michael Stein, DO, Principal investigator, Physician
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02286674
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 201400076
- Status last verified
- Aug 2022
- First submitted
- 10 Oct 2014
- Last updated
- 25 Aug 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Macario A, Weinger M, Truong P, Lee M. Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are both common and important to avoid? The perspective of a panel of expert anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1085-91. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199905000-00023.
PubMed 10320175Kain ZN, Mayes LC, O'Connor TZ, Cicchetti DV. Preoperative anxiety in children. Predictors and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Dec;150(12):1238-45. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170370016002.
PubMed 8953995Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews A, Wang SM. Psychological preparation of the parent and pediatric surgical patient. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2002 Mar;20(1):29-44. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8537(03)00053-1.
PubMed 11892508Maranets I, Kain ZN. Preoperative anxiety and intraoperative anesthetic requirements. Anesth Analg. 1999 Dec;89(6):1346-51. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199912000-00003.
PubMed 10589606Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, McClain B, Gaal D, Mayes LC, Feng R, Zhang H. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg. 2004 Dec;99(6):1648-1654. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.97.
PubMed 15562048Aono J, Mamiya K, Manabe M. Preoperative anxiety is associated with a high incidence of problematic behavior on emergence after halothane anesthesia in boys. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999 May;43(5):542-4. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430509.x.
PubMed 10342002Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Karas DE, McClain BC. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):651-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2920.
PubMed 16882820Kain ZN, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Caramico LA, Hofstadter MB. Distress during the induction of anesthesia and postoperative behavioral outcomes. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1042-7. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199905000-00013.
PubMed 10320165Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Wang SM, Hofstadter MB. Postoperative behavioral outcomes in children: effects of sedative premedication. Anesthesiology. 1999 Mar;90(3):758-65. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199903000-00018.
PubMed 10078677Karling M, Stenlund H, Hagglof B. Child behaviour after anaesthesia: associated risk factors. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):740-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00258.x.
PubMed 17462064Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Krivutza DM, Weinberg ME, Wang SM, Gaal D. Trends in the practice of parental presence during induction of anesthesia and the use of preoperative sedative premedication in the United States, 1995-2002: results of a follow-up national survey. Anesth Analg. 2004 May;98(5):1252-9, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000111183.38618.d8.
PubMed 15105196Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Krivutza DM, Weinberg ME, Gaal D, Wang SM, Mayes LC. Interactive music therapy as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2004 May;98(5):1260-6, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000111205.82346.c1.
PubMed 15105197Patel A, Schieble T, Davidson M, Tran MC, Schoenberg C, Delphin E, Bennett H. Distraction with a hand-held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006 Oct;16(10):1019-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.01914.x.
PubMed 16972829Vagnoli L, Caprilli S, Robiglio A, Messeri A. Clown doctors as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized, prospective study. Pediatrics. 2005 Oct;116(4):e563-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0466.
PubMed 16199685Watson A, Srinivas J, Daniels L, Visram A. Preparation of parents by teaching of distraction techniques does not reduce child anxiety at anaesthetic induction. Paediatr Anaesth 2002;12:823-824.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 25 Aug 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02286674
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 201400076
- Conditions
- Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety
- Keywords
- mYpas, anxiety, distraction, inhalation induction
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 200 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- McLaren Health CareUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Nov 2014
- Primary completion
- Nov 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jan 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 10 Nov 2014 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Anxiety in children undergoing surgery is a central concern to both parents and healthcare workers, including nurses, surgeons, and anesthesiologists. It has been ranked by anesthesiologists as one of the top five important low-morbidity anesthesia outcomes (1). This study would determine whether such devices would decrease anxiety in children prior to induction of anesthesia for outpatient surgery. Two hundred children ages 2-12 will be enrolled.
Detailed description
Anxiety in children undergoing surgery is a central concern to both parents and healthcare workers, including nurses, surgeons, and anesthesiologists. It has been ranked by anesthesiologists as one of the top five important low-morbidity anesthesia outcomes (1). Extensive research has been done characterizing, quantifying, and risk stratifying anxiety in this group as well as identifying a multitude of treatment options both pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Up to 60% of all children develop anxiety in the preoperative holding area and during anesthetic induction (2). The incidence can be much higher in some subpopulations. Preoperative anxiety has been attributed to number of causes including separation from parents and uncertainty about anesthesia, the procedure, and outcome (3).
Interestingly, anxiety prior to surgery has effects that extend into the intraoperative, acute recovery and subacute recovery timeframes. Patients with high levels of preoperative anxiety have been found to require greater anesthetic dosages (4). There is a higher incidence of emergence delirium in children with higher levels of preoperative anxiety (5, 6). These patients also have with a higher incidence of postoperative pain and require more analgesic medications (7). Furthermore, there are well documented maladaptive behavioral changes that can occur in 30-54% of children two weeks following surgery (8). These include generalized anxiety, nighttime crying, enuresis, separation anxiety, and temper tantrums. Twenty percent of these children maintain this behavior at 6 months and 7% persist at 1 year after the operation (9). High preoperative anxiety levels correlate with these behavior changes (2, 5, 8,10).
Many other interventions have been tried to decrease anxiety with varying success. Most are aimed at distraction. Music therapy appears to be therapist-dependent (12). Hand held video games appear to help decrease anxiety, even during induction (13). Even having clowns in the operating room at induction of anesthesia seems to help -- the study concluded that staff were quite resistant to maintaining the clown program (14). Interestingly, a small randomized controlled trial showed that parents distracting their children during induction with novel toys and books or blowing bubbles did not decrease anxiety (15).
Few studies have considered the use of tablets as distraction tools for children undergoing surgery. Low and Pittaway briefly described using an iPhone™ to distract 93 children in the preoperative period (16). However, the results are simply anecdotal. Patel et al. described a randomized control trial using hand held video games as a means of distraction compared to midazolam and a control group. They used the well validated and extensively used modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score (17) to measure anxiety levels. However, this study included parents being present at induction in all the groups, which may make the results difficult to apply at the majority of institutions, where parental presence is not used - our institution included (11).
In addition, premedication may be given to 50% of patients nationally, but it is not popular among parents (11,18). If the majority of practitioners do not use parental presence at induction, preoperative education programs are not yet in widespread use and half of patients are not premedicated, that leaves a significant portion of the population with little intervention for the time of separation and for time of induction of anesthesia. Finding an economical, efficient means to help decrease anxiety without high doses of premedication would be quite appealing.
This study would determine whether such devices would decrease anxiety in children prior to induction of anesthesia for outpatient surgery. Two hundred children ages 2-12 will be enrolled. Half would be in the control group, which would receive standard care. Half would be in the study group, which would receive a tablet device in the preoperative holding area and would be allowed to watch TV or movies from a preloaded list until they are given anesthetic gases in the operating room. The subjects would be observed for outward signs of anxiety and scored using a well validated and well used anxiety scale, the modified Yale preoperative anxiety scale, at several points in time prior to induction of anesthesia. The expected total study length is 6 months based on the current number of pediatric cases at the study site.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Tablet for watching movie | Experimental | Other: Tablet (Audio/Visual Device)The study group will receive standard of care in addition to a tablet to watch movies and/or TV |
| Standard of care - no tablet | No intervention | –The control group will receive standard of care only. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 2 to 12 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Ages 2-12
- Outpatient surgery procedures
- ASA I of II (No or mild systemic disease)
- Parental/guardian ability to understand and willingness to sign written informed consent
- Patient assent to use tablet, if they are randomized to the study group
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Psychoactive medications (e.g. antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, antidepressants, narcotics)
- Diagnosed psychiatric disease
- Developmental disabilities
- History of photosensitive seizures
- Patient requiring sedative or narcotic medications prior to induction of anesthesia, as determined by the anesthesiologist.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Tablet (Audio/Visual Device)Subjects will be given a tablet to use before surgery | Other | Tablet for watching movie |
Primary outcome
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score
Time frame: Baseline
Anytime prior to patient being ifnormed of group assignment
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score
Time frame: Upon patient spearation from parents Approx 15-20 minutes
Approx 15-20 minutes after the study group participants receive a tablet
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score
Time frame: Patient enters operating room 1-32 minutes
1-32 minutes after #2
Yale Preoperative Aniety Score
Time frame: Placement of face mask on patient ofr anesthetic delivery 1-2 minutes
1-2 minutes after #3
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 25 Aug 2022.
- Background: PubMed 10320175Macario A, Weinger M, Truong P, Lee M. Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are both common and important to avoid? The perspective of a panel of expert anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1085-91. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199905000-00023.
- Background: PubMed 8953995Kain ZN, Mayes LC, O'Connor TZ, Cicchetti DV. Preoperative anxiety in children. Predictors and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Dec;150(12):1238-45. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170370016002.
- Background: PubMed 11892508Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews A, Wang SM. Psychological preparation of the parent and pediatric surgical patient. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2002 Mar;20(1):29-44. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8537(03)00053-1.
- Background: PubMed 10589606Maranets I, Kain ZN. Preoperative anxiety and intraoperative anesthetic requirements. Anesth Analg. 1999 Dec;89(6):1346-51. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199912000-00003.
- Background: PubMed 15562048Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, McClain B, Gaal D, Mayes LC, Feng R, Zhang H. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg. 2004 Dec;99(6):1648-1654. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.97.
- Background: PubMed 10342002Aono J, Mamiya K, Manabe M. Preoperative anxiety is associated with a high incidence of problematic behavior on emergence after halothane anesthesia in boys. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999 May;43(5):542-4. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430509.x.
- Background: PubMed 16882820Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Karas DE, McClain BC. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):651-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2920.
- Background: PubMed 10320165Kain ZN, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Caramico LA, Hofstadter MB. Distress during the induction of anesthesia and postoperative behavioral outcomes. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1042-7. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199905000-00013.
- Background: PubMed 10078677Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Wang SM, Hofstadter MB. Postoperative behavioral outcomes in children: effects of sedative premedication. Anesthesiology. 1999 Mar;90(3):758-65. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199903000-00018.
- Background: PubMed 17462064Karling M, Stenlund H, Hagglof B. Child behaviour after anaesthesia: associated risk factors. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):740-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00258.x.
- Background: PubMed 15105196Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Krivutza DM, Weinberg ME, Wang SM, Gaal D. Trends in the practice of parental presence during induction of anesthesia and the use of preoperative sedative premedication in the United States, 1995-2002: results of a follow-up national survey. Anesth Analg. 2004 May;98(5):1252-9, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000111183.38618.d8.
- Background: PubMed 15105197Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Krivutza DM, Weinberg ME, Gaal D, Wang SM, Mayes LC. Interactive music therapy as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2004 May;98(5):1260-6, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000111205.82346.c1.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Michael Stein, DO principal investigator
Physician
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Tablet (Audio/Visual Device) in people with Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety, run by McLaren Health Care at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 25 Aug 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score (time frame: Baseline). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02286674, which also lists 18 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 25 Aug 2022.