Post-operative PainPAIN-OUTNCT02083835
PAIN OUT: Improvement in Postoperative PAIN OUTcome
An observational study of Post-operative Pain, run by University of Jena at 1 site in Germany.
Trial summary
PAIN OUT is a multi-national, non-interventional registry and benchmark project, assessing and analysing clinical and patient-reported outcome data of postoperative pain. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 4 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Post-operative Pain
- How many people
- 200,000 participants
- Where
- 1 siteGermany
- Study dates
- Jan 2009to 31 Dec 2030
- How long will I take part?
- 12 Months
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 4 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Study population: adult post-surgical patients in hospitals on post-op day 1
Who may be able to join
- >= 18 years or >= 4 years for sub-project QUIPSI/PAIN OUTinfant
- patient is post-op day 1
- patient is at least 6 hours on the ward
- patient has given consent
Who cannot join
- patient cannot communicate
- patient is cognitively impaired
- patient is asleep
- patient is too ill
- patient does not want to fill in the questionnaire
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Germany1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Jena University Hospital
Jena, 07747
Winfried Meissner, Prof., +49 3641 9323353
About this study
Official title: Improvement in Postoperative Pain Outcome
PAIN OUT is a multi-national, non-interventional registry and benchmark project, assessing and analysing clinical and patient-reported outcome data of postoperative pain.
Read the detailed description
PAIN OUT offers a large registry as well as a system for benchmarking and feedback of outcome quality and decision support in acute pain conditions. It collects demographic, clinical and outcome data, using a validated assessment tool available in multiple languages.
The registry part of the project aims at performing population-based research. Furthermore, its infrastructure allows for the conduct of prospective studies comparing the effectiveness of processes of care.
The benchmark part of the project provides the medical community with a unique, user-friendly system to improve treatment of patients with postoperative pain. A web-based information system, featuring two main functions, was developed:
- a feedback and benchmarking system which provides participating sites with continuously updating data and analyses about the quality of care they provide compared to other institutions and allows identification of best clinical practice.
- a knowledge library which provides clinicians with easily accessible and regularly updated summaries of evidence-based recommendations tailored to specific post-operative situations.
PAIN OUT is leading and overseeing sub-projects in Mexico, China, a number of European countries. Additional countries will join over time. The sub-projects are scheduled to take place over a period of two years. The design is an uncontrolled pre- post-study, in which approximately 10 hospitals from each country participate. The project consists of collecting data (processes and patient reported outcomes) at baseline from 1-3 wards in participating hospitals; analyzing of the findings, selecting and implementing measures for change in practice; carrying out another round of data collection; summerizing the findings and discussing options for further work.
- Conditions
- Post-operative Pain
- Keywords
- post-operative pain, paitent reported outcomes, quality improvement
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Postoperative
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| post-surgical patients | post-surgical patients > 18 years | |
| pediatric patients post-op day 1 | pediatric patients <18 years on post-op day 1 (sub-project QUIPSI - PAIN OUTinfant) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Assessment of postoperative pain treatment
Measured: first postoperative day
Secondary outcomes (1)
patients' perception of pain treatment outcome
- worst pain since surgery
- least pain since surgery
- time in pain
- interference of pain with activities
- affect of pain on mood and emotions
- pain therapy side effects
- pain relief
- wish for more treatment
- information on treatment
- participation in decisions
- satisfaction
- non-medical treatment methods
- pre-hospital existence of pain
Measured: first postoperative day
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted11 Mar 2014 (estimated)
- Study startJan 2009
- Primary completionDec 2030 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2030 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (23)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Post-operative PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 200,000 participants (estimated)
- Target duration
- 12 Months
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Jena
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Jena University Hospital, University of Exeter, University of Leipzig, Takwa GmbH, University of Basel, Parc de Salut Mar, University Hospital Muenster, Charite University, Berlin, Germany, County Clinical Emergency Hospital Cluj-Napoca, University of London, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Degli Angeli, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, University Hospital, Geneva, University of Lausanne Hospitals, Fox Valley Orthopedic Institute, Landspitali University Hospital, St. Luke's Medical Center, Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Rambam Health Care Campus, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Wuhan TongJi Hospital, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia, Hospital Ambroise Paré Paris, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Hospital Son Espases, Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, University Medical Center Groningen
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Prof. Dr. Winfried Meissner, University of Jena
- Investigators
- Winfried Meissner, Prof., Study director, University of Jena
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02083835
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FP7 223590
- Acronym
- PAIN-OUT
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 3 Mar 2014
- Last updated
- 6 May 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Gerbershagen HJ, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Aduckathil S, Peelen LM, Kappen TH, van Wijck AJ, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Procedure-specific risk factor analysis for the development of severe postoperative pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 May;120(5):1237-45. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000108.
PubMed 24356102Rothaug J, Zaslansky R, Schwenkglenks M, Komann M, Allvin R, Backstrom R, Brill S, Buchholz I, Engel C, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Funk P, Gerbershagen HJ, Gordon DB, Konrad C, Kopf A, Leykin Y, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Puig M, Rawal N, Taylor RS, Ullrich K, Volk T, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Meissner W. Patients' perception of postoperative pain management: validation of the International Pain Outcomes (IPO) questionnaire. J Pain. 2013 Nov;14(11):1361-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.05.016. Epub 2013 Sep 7.
PubMed 24021577Gerbershagen HJ, Aduckathil S, van Wijck AJ, Peelen LM, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Pain intensity on the first day after surgery: a prospective cohort study comparing 179 surgical procedures. Anesthesiology. 2013 Apr;118(4):934-44. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31828866b3.
PubMed 23392233Gerbershagen HJ, Rothaug J, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Determination of moderate-to-severe postoperative pain on the numeric rating scale: a cut-off point analysis applying four different methods. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Oct;107(4):619-26. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer195. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
PubMed 21724620Rothaug J, Weiss T, Meissner W. How simple can it get? Measuring pain with NRS items or binary items. Clin J Pain. 2013 Mar;29(3):224-32. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824c5d7a.
PubMed 23369928Taylor RS, Ullrich K, Regan S, Broussard C, Schwenkglenks M, Taylor RJ, Gordon DB, Zaslansky R, Meissner W, Rothaug J, Langford R; PAIN-OUT investigators. The impact of early postoperative pain on health-related quality of life. Pain Pract. 2013 Sep;13(7):515-23. doi: 10.1111/papr.12026. Epub 2012 Dec 23.
PubMed 23279591Zaslansky R, Chapman CR, Rothaug J, Backstrom R, Brill S, Davidson E, Elessi K, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Karanja E, Konrad C, Kopf A, Leykin Y, Lipman A, Puig M, Rawal N, Schug S, Ullrich K, Volk T, Meissner W. Feasibility of international data collection and feedback on post-operative pain data: proof of concept. Eur J Pain. 2012 Mar;16(3):430-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00024.x. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
PubMed 22337250Zaslansky R, Rothaug J, Chapman CR, Backstrom R, Brill S, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Gordon DB, Komann M, Konrad C, Leykin Y, Pogatski-Zahn E, Puig MM, Rawal N, Ullrich K, Volk T, Meissner W. PAIN OUT: the making of an international acute pain registry. Eur J Pain. 2015 Apr;19(4):490-502. doi: 10.1002/ejp.571. Epub 2014 Aug 12.
PubMed 25132607Zaslansky R, Rothaug J, Chapman RC, Backstrom R, Brill S, Engel C, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Funk P, Gordon D, Komann M, Konrad C, Kopf A, Leykin Y, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Puig M, Rawal N, Schwenkglenks M, Taylor RS, Ullrich K, Volk T, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Meissner W. PAIN OUT: an international acute pain registry supporting clinicians in decision making and in quality improvement activities. J Eval Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;20(6):1090-8. doi: 10.1111/jep.12205. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
PubMed 24986116Polanco-Garcia M, Garcia-Lopez J, Fabregas N, Meissner W, Puig MM; PAIN-OUT-Spain Consortium. Postoperative Pain Management in Spanish Hospitals: A Cohort Study Using the PAIN-OUT Registry. J Pain. 2017 Oct;18(10):1237-1252. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.006. Epub 2017 Jun 12.
PubMed 28619696Komann M, Weinmann C, Schwenkglenks M, Meissner W. Non-Pharmacological Methods and Post-Operative Pain Relief: An Observational Study. Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Apr 20;9(2):e84674. doi: 10.5812/aapm.84674. eCollection 2019 Apr.
PubMed 31341822Dubljanin Raspopovic E, Meissner W, Zaslansky R, Kadija M, Tomanovic Vujadinovic S, Tulic G. Associations between early postoperative pain outcome measures and late functional outcomes in patients after knee arthroplasty. PLoS One. 2021 Jul 28;16(7):e0253147. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253147. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34320012Garduno-Lopez AL, Acosta Nava VM, Castro Garces L, Rascon-Martinez DM, Cuellar-Guzman LF, Flores-Villanueva ME, Villegas-Sotelo E, Carrillo-Torres O, Vilchis-Samano H, Calderon-Vidal M, Islas-Lagunas G, Richard Chapman C, Komann M, Meissner W, Baumbach P, Zaslansky R. Towards Better Perioperative Pain Management in Mexico: A Study in a Network of Hospitals Using Quality Improvement Methods from PAIN OUT. J Pain Res. 2021 Feb 15;14:415-430. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S282850. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 33623424van Dijk JFM, Zaslansky R, van Boekel RLM, Cheuk-Alam JM, Baart SJ, Huygen FJPM, Rijsdijk M. Postoperative Pain and Age: A Retrospective Cohort Association Study. Anesthesiology. 2021 Dec 1;135(6):1104-1119. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004000.
PubMed 34731245van Driel MEC, van Dijk JFM, Baart SJ, Meissner W, Huygen FJPM, Rijsdijk M. Development and validation of a multivariable prediction model for early prediction of chronic postsurgical pain in adults: a prospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2022 Sep;129(3):407-415. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.04.030. Epub 2022 Jun 19.
PubMed 35732539
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 6 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Improvement in Postoperative Pain Outcome
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02083835
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PAIN-OUT / FP7 223590
- Conditions
- Post-operative Pain
- Keywords
- post-operative pain, paitent reported outcomes, quality improvement
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 200,000 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of JenaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Jena University Hospital, University of Exeter, University of Leipzig, Takwa GmbH, University of Basel, Parc de Salut Mar, University Hospital Muenster, Charite University, Berlin, Germany, County Clinical Emergency Hospital Cluj-Napoca, University of London, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Degli Angeli, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, University Hospital, Geneva, University of Lausanne Hospitals, Fox Valley Orthopedic Institute, Landspitali University Hospital, St. Luke's Medical Center, Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Rambam Health Care Campus, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Wuhan TongJi Hospital, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia, Hospital Ambroise Paré Paris, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Hospital Son Espases, Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, University Medical Center Groningen
- Study start
- Jan 2009 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Dec 2030 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2030 (estimated)
- First posted
- 11 Mar 2014 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
PAIN OUT is a multi-national, non-interventional registry and benchmark project, assessing and analysing clinical and patient-reported outcome data of postoperative pain.
Detailed description
PAIN OUT offers a large registry as well as a system for benchmarking and feedback of outcome quality and decision support in acute pain conditions. It collects demographic, clinical and outcome data, using a validated assessment tool available in multiple languages.
The registry part of the project aims at performing population-based research. Furthermore, its infrastructure allows for the conduct of prospective studies comparing the effectiveness of processes of care.
The benchmark part of the project provides the medical community with a unique, user-friendly system to improve treatment of patients with postoperative pain. A web-based information system, featuring two main functions, was developed:
- a feedback and benchmarking system which provides participating sites with continuously updating data and analyses about the quality of care they provide compared to other institutions and allows identification of best clinical practice.
- a knowledge library which provides clinicians with easily accessible and regularly updated summaries of evidence-based recommendations tailored to specific post-operative situations.
PAIN OUT is leading and overseeing sub-projects in Mexico, China, a number of European countries. Additional countries will join over time. The sub-projects are scheduled to take place over a period of two years. The design is an uncontrolled pre- post-study, in which approximately 10 hospitals from each country participate. The project consists of collecting data (processes and patient reported outcomes) at baseline from 1-3 wards in participating hospitals; analyzing of the findings, selecting and implementing measures for change in practice; carrying out another round of data collection; summerizing the findings and discussing options for further work.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Target follow-up
- 12 Months
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| post-surgical patients | – | –post-surgical patients > 18 years |
| pediatric patients post-op day 1 | – | –pediatric patients <18 years on post-op day 1 (sub-project QUIPSI - PAIN OUTinfant) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 4 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- adult post-surgical patients in hospitals on post-op day 1
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- >= 18 years or >= 4 years for sub-project QUIPSI/PAIN OUTinfant
- patient is post-op day 1
- patient is at least 6 hours on the ward
- patient has given consent
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- patient cannot communicate
- patient is cognitively impaired
- patient is asleep
- patient is too ill
- patient does not want to fill in the questionnaire
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Assessment of postoperative pain treatment
Time frame: first postoperative day
1 secondary outcome
patients' perception of pain treatment outcome
Time frame: first postoperative day
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 6 May 2026.
- Results publication: PubMed 24356102Gerbershagen HJ, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Aduckathil S, Peelen LM, Kappen TH, van Wijck AJ, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Procedure-specific risk factor analysis for the development of severe postoperative pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 May;120(5):1237-45. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000108.
- Results publication: PubMed 24021577Rothaug J, Zaslansky R, Schwenkglenks M, Komann M, Allvin R, Backstrom R, Brill S, Buchholz I, Engel C, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Funk P, Gerbershagen HJ, Gordon DB, Konrad C, Kopf A, Leykin Y, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Puig M, Rawal N, Taylor RS, Ullrich K, Volk T, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Meissner W. Patients' perception of postoperative pain management: validation of the International Pain Outcomes (IPO) questionnaire. J Pain. 2013 Nov;14(11):1361-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.05.016. Epub 2013 Sep 7.
- Results publication: PubMed 23392233Gerbershagen HJ, Aduckathil S, van Wijck AJ, Peelen LM, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Pain intensity on the first day after surgery: a prospective cohort study comparing 179 surgical procedures. Anesthesiology. 2013 Apr;118(4):934-44. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31828866b3.
- Results publication: PubMed 21724620Gerbershagen HJ, Rothaug J, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Determination of moderate-to-severe postoperative pain on the numeric rating scale: a cut-off point analysis applying four different methods. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Oct;107(4):619-26. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer195. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
- Results publication: PubMed 23369928Rothaug J, Weiss T, Meissner W. How simple can it get? Measuring pain with NRS items or binary items. Clin J Pain. 2013 Mar;29(3):224-32. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824c5d7a.
- Results publication: PubMed 23279591Taylor RS, Ullrich K, Regan S, Broussard C, Schwenkglenks M, Taylor RJ, Gordon DB, Zaslansky R, Meissner W, Rothaug J, Langford R; PAIN-OUT investigators. The impact of early postoperative pain on health-related quality of life. Pain Pract. 2013 Sep;13(7):515-23. doi: 10.1111/papr.12026. Epub 2012 Dec 23.
- Results publication: PubMed 22337250Zaslansky R, Chapman CR, Rothaug J, Backstrom R, Brill S, Davidson E, Elessi K, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Karanja E, Konrad C, Kopf A, Leykin Y, Lipman A, Puig M, Rawal N, Schug S, Ullrich K, Volk T, Meissner W. Feasibility of international data collection and feedback on post-operative pain data: proof of concept. Eur J Pain. 2012 Mar;16(3):430-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00024.x. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
- Results publication: PubMed 25132607Zaslansky R, Rothaug J, Chapman CR, Backstrom R, Brill S, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Gordon DB, Komann M, Konrad C, Leykin Y, Pogatski-Zahn E, Puig MM, Rawal N, Ullrich K, Volk T, Meissner W. PAIN OUT: the making of an international acute pain registry. Eur J Pain. 2015 Apr;19(4):490-502. doi: 10.1002/ejp.571. Epub 2014 Aug 12.
- Results publication: PubMed 24986116Zaslansky R, Rothaug J, Chapman RC, Backstrom R, Brill S, Engel C, Fletcher D, Fodor L, Funk P, Gordon D, Komann M, Konrad C, Kopf A, Leykin Y, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Puig M, Rawal N, Schwenkglenks M, Taylor RS, Ullrich K, Volk T, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Meissner W. PAIN OUT: an international acute pain registry supporting clinicians in decision making and in quality improvement activities. J Eval Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;20(6):1090-8. doi: 10.1111/jep.12205. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
- Results publication: PubMed 28619696Polanco-Garcia M, Garcia-Lopez J, Fabregas N, Meissner W, Puig MM; PAIN-OUT-Spain Consortium. Postoperative Pain Management in Spanish Hospitals: A Cohort Study Using the PAIN-OUT Registry. J Pain. 2017 Oct;18(10):1237-1252. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.006. Epub 2017 Jun 12.
- Results publication: PubMed 31341822Komann M, Weinmann C, Schwenkglenks M, Meissner W. Non-Pharmacological Methods and Post-Operative Pain Relief: An Observational Study. Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Apr 20;9(2):e84674. doi: 10.5812/aapm.84674. eCollection 2019 Apr.
- Results publication: PubMed 34320012Dubljanin Raspopovic E, Meissner W, Zaslansky R, Kadija M, Tomanovic Vujadinovic S, Tulic G. Associations between early postoperative pain outcome measures and late functional outcomes in patients after knee arthroplasty. PLoS One. 2021 Jul 28;16(7):e0253147. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253147. eCollection 2021.
- Project webpageLink provided by the sponsor.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Winfried Meissner, Prof. study director
University of Jena
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Post-operative Pain, run by University of Jena at 1 site in Germany.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 6 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Germany. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Winfried Meissner, Prof. Dr. (+49 3641 9323353, winfried.meissner@med.uni-jena.de), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Assessment of postoperative pain treatment (time frame: first postoperative day). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02083835, which also lists 23 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 6 May 2026.