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Graft vs Host DiseasePhase 2GVHD ASEDNCT01972438

A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Masked, Clinical Trial of Autologous Serum Eye Drops for Severe Ocular Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Patients

A Phase 2 study testing ASEDs and Saline in people with Graft vs Host Disease, run by National Eye Institute (NEI) at 1 site in United States.

Terminated

Stopped early. The study ended before it was planned to and will not resume.

Official record
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Trial summary

Some eye diseases can be helped by eye drops made from a person's own blood. These eye drops are called autologous serum eye drops, or ASEDs. ASEDs have been studied in only a few people with graft vs. host disease (GVHD) affecting the eye and were found to be helpful with few side effects. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 years and older
Conditions the study is for
Graft vs Host Disease
What is being tested?
ASEDs and Saline
Could I receive a placebo?
Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people
18 participants
Where
1 siteUnited States
Study dates
Nov 2013to Jan 2016
Phase
Phase 2
Are there results?
Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Participant must be 18 years of age or older.
  • Participant must understand and sign the protocol's informed consent document.
  • Participant must have severe ocular Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD) in one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyes with the following characteristics in the study eye:
  • Combined score of modified Oxford punctate keratopathy grading and National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Eye Institute (NEI) visual analogue scale of ≥ 4, and
  • Composite assessment scale (CAS) score of ≥ 3, and
  • Schirmer's tear test without anesthesia of ≤ 5 mm, and
Show all 9Show fewer
  • Not responsive to standard medical treatment for at least three months prior to randomization. Standard medical treatment includes cyclosporine (Restasis®) ophthalmic emulsion (if tolerated), steroid drops (unless contraindicated), lubricating drops and ointments.
  • Participant is enrolled in an NIH study at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) or National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
  • Participant is willing and able to supply an adequate amount of blood to create the autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs).

Who cannot join

  • Participant is unable to comply with study procedures or follow-up visits.
  • Participant is seropositive with positive nucleic acid confirmatory tests for human immunodeficiency virus-1/2 (HIV-1/2), human T lymphotropic virus-I/II (HTLV-I/II), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) without confirmed history of vaccination.
  • Participant has GVHD proliferative keratopathy, uveitis or GVHD retinopathy in either eye.
  • Participant has an active ocular infection in either eye.
  • Participant has an allergy to dilating or anesthetic eye drops.
  • Participant has used Boston Scleral Lens (or similar lenses) in either eye or has used ASEDs in either eye within the past two months. Participants who have used the Boston Scleral Lens (or similar lenses) or ASEDs in either eye who did not respond to treatment and have stopped using them for at least two months are eligible.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

  • National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike

    Bethesda, Maryland, 20892

Other trials in United States

About this study

Some eye diseases can be helped by eye drops made from a person's own blood. These eye drops are called autologous serum eye drops, or ASEDs. ASEDs have been studied in only a few people with graft vs. host disease (GVHD) affecting the eye and were found to be helpful with few side effects.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether ASEDs are safe and more effective than control (normal saline) and can help with eye symptoms in people with severe chronic eye GVHD.

Each participant in this study was to have blood drawn to prepare ASEDs specifically for the participant. Each participant was scheduled to receive ASEDs for 3 months and placebo eye drops (salt water) for 3 months. Participants did not know when they were receiving the ASEDs and when they were receiving placebo eye drops.

Read the detailed description

Objective:

A common, serious and debilitating long term complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCST) is chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Ocular GVHD develops in up to 85% of patients with chronic GVHD. It is characterized by progressive keratitis sicca and cicatrizing ocular inflammatory surface disease with T cell mediated damage to conjunctival and corneal epithelium and lacrimal tissue. Various medical and surgical treatments have been used, such as various lubricating agents, steroid drops and ointments, cyclosporin drops, punctal plugs or cautery and partial tarsorrhaphy. However, in severe cases, none offer acceptable, long-lasting relief from pain, irritation, dryness and diminished vision associated with ocular GVHD. An alternative treatment that has previously been safely investigated is autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs). The objective of this study was to determine whether ASEDs are more effective than control (normal saline) in the treatment of severe chronic ocular GVHD in HSCT patients unresponsive to standard medical treatment.

Study Population:

Eighteen post-HSCT patients with severe ocular GVHD unresponsive to standard medical treatment were enrolled. Initially, 34 post-HSCT patients with severe ocular GVHD unresponsive to standard medical treatment were to be enrolled. However, only 18 enrolled, as the investigational product (IP) was no longer provided to participants as of June 2015 due to manufacturing issues.

Design:

This was a Phase 2, randomized, double-masked, controlled, crossover, single-center study to investigate ASEDs in participants with severe chronic ocular GVHD. During the initial crossover phase of the study, participants participated in a two-period, six-month, crossover study in which participants were randomized to one of two treatment sequence groups. The two groups were: 1) daily administration of ASEDs for the first three months and then crossover to control (normal saline) eye drops beginning at Month 3 through Month 6, or 2) daily administration of control (normal saline) eye drops for the first three months and then crossover to ASEDs beginning at Month 3 through Month 6. Participants in both groups applied the assigned drops four times per day for six months, as well as maintained their current standard ocular GVHD therapy. Following the initial crossover phase, beginning at the Month 6 visit, participants were provided ASEDs as open-label treatment on an as-needed basis until study completion. As of June 2015, participants were informed to discontinue use of the IP and send it back the NIH Pharmacy. During the first year, required clinic visits occurred at Baseline, Months 3, 6 and 12 with required telephone follow-up visits at Months 7 and 9. Following the Month 12 visit, participants were evaluated every six months, alternating telephone follow-up visits with clinic visits, until the last enrolled participant reached his/her Month 12 visit. At the discretion of the Investigator, participants who did not complete the Month 12 visit had the most recent study visit constitute as the final safety visit, otherwise the participant was scheduled for a final safety visit within 4 1/2 months. Participants who already surpassed the Month 12 visit were scheduled for a final safety visit within 4 1/2 months.

Outcome Measures:

The primary outcome was the proportion of participants experiencing a ≥ 50% reduction in the combined score of the modified Oxford punctate keratopathy grading and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Eye Institute (NEI) visual analogue scale in the study eye from baseline to Month 3. A ≥ 50% reduction in the combined score is considered a treatment success. While the design is a crossover study, the primary outcome was assessed after the first period at Month 3. Secondary outcomes included changes in the combined score of the modified Oxford punctate keratopathy grading and the NIH/NEI visual analogue scale in both eyes from baseline to the end of each period, changes in the chronic ocular GVHD Composite Assessment Scale (CAS) score, objective testing, subjective testing and global chronic GVHD assessments in both eyes. Safety outcomes were the number and severity of systemic and ocular toxicities and adverse events. The number of participants withdrawn from the study treatment due to vision loss, adverse events or treatment failure also contributed to the assessment of safety.

Being tested
ASEDs, Saline
Keywords
Graft Versus Host Disease, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
Medical subject headings
Graft vs Host Disease

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • ASEDsDrug

    Experimental Intervention

  • SalineDrug

    Control Intervention

Study groups in NCT01972438
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
ASEDs - SalineExperimentalParticipants administer autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs) daily for the first three months, then crossover to administer control (normal saline) eye drops daily beginning at Month 3 through Month 6.
Receives: Drug: ASEDs; Drug: Saline
Saline - ASEDsPlacebo comparatorParticipants administer control (normal saline) eye drops daily for the first three months, then crossover to administer autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs) daily beginning at Month 3 through Month 6.
Receives: Drug: ASEDs; Drug: Saline

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Proportion of Participants Who Experienced a ≥ 50% Reduction in the Combined Score of the Modified Oxford Punctate Keratopathy Grading and the NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI) Visual Analogue Scale in the Study Eye From Baseline to Month 3.

    A ≥ 50% reduction in the combined score was considered a treatment success. While the design is a crossover study, the primary outcome was assessed after the first period at Month 3. Oxford punctate keratopathy is an objective measure from 0-5 (cornea only) and the NIH/NEI visual analogue scale is a subjective grading performed by the participant regarding his/her ocular dryness, redness and irritation (scored 0-3 for each symptom with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe for a total score between 0-9). The combined score was a number between 0-14 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 months

Secondary outcomes (22)

  1. Number of Systemic and Ocular Toxicities and Adverse Events

    Measured: Study Duration, up to 24 months

  2. Number of Participants Withdrawn From the Study Treatment Due to Vision Loss, Adverse Events or Treatment Failure

    Measured: Study Duration, up to 24 months

  3. Mean Change in the Combined Score of the Modified Oxford Punctate Keratopathy Grading and the NIH Visual Analogue Scale in the Study Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    Oxford punctate keratopathy is an objective measure from 0-5 (cornea only) and the NIH/NEI visual analogue scale is a subjective grading performed by the participant regarding his/her ocular dryness, redness and irritation (scored 0-3 for each symptom with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe for a total score between 0-9). The combined score was a number between 0-14 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  4. Mean Change in the Combined Score of the Modified Oxford Punctate Keratopathy Grading and the NIH Visual Analogue Scale in the Fellow Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. Oxford punctate keratopathy is an objective measure from 0-5 (cornea only) and the NIH/NEI visual analogue scale is a subjective grading performed by the participant regarding his/her ocular dryness, redness and irritation (scored 0-3 for each symptom with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe for a total score between 0-9). The combined score was a number between 0-14 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  5. Mean Change in the Combined Score of the Modified Oxford Punctate Keratopathy Grading and the NIH Visual Analogue Scale in the Study Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    Oxford punctate keratopathy is an objective measure from 0-5 (cornea only) and the NIH/NEI visual analogue scale is a subjective grading performed by the participant regarding his/her ocular dryness, redness and irritation (scored 0-3 for each symptom with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe for a total score between 0-9). The combined score was a number between 0-14 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  6. Mean Change in the Combined Score of the Modified Oxford Punctate Keratopathy Grading and the NIH Visual Analogue Scale in the Fellow Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. Oxford punctate keratopathy is an objective measure from 0-5 (cornea only) and the NIH/NEI visual analogue scale is a subjective grading performed by the participant regarding his/her ocular dryness, redness and irritation (scored 0-3 for each symptom with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe for a total score between 0-9). The combined score was a number between 0-14 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  7. Mean Change in the Chronic Ocular GVHD Composite Assessment Scale (CAS) Score in the Study Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The CAS score is the sum of the scores on three separate assessments: Schirmer's tear test without anesthesia, punctate keratopathy and conjunctival inflammation and scarring (scored according to Robinson et. al*). Each assessment was scored 0-3 with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe. The higher values represent a worse outcome. The CAS score was a number between 0-9 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    *Robinson MR, Lee SS, Rubin BI, Wayne AS, Pavletic SZ, Bishop MR, Childs R, Barrett AJ, Csaky KG. Topical Corticosteroid Therapy for Cicatricial Conjunctivitis Associated with Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 18:567-9.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  8. Mean Change in the Chronic Ocular GVHD Composite Assessment Scale (CAS) Score in the Fellow Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. The CAS score is the sum of the scores on three separate assessments: Schirmer's tear test without anesthesia, punctate keratopathy and conjunctival inflammation and scarring (scored according to Robinson et. al*). Each assessment was scored 0-3 with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe. The higher values represent a worse outcome. The CAS score was a number between 0-9 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    *Robinson MR, Lee SS, Rubin BI, Wayne AS, Pavletic SZ, Bishop MR, Childs R, Barrett AJ, Csaky KG. Topical Corticosteroid Therapy for Cicatricial Conjunctivitis Associated with Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 18:567-9.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  9. Mean Change in the Chronic Ocular GVHD Composite Assessment Scale (CAS) Score in the Study Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    The CAS score is the sum of the scores on three separate assessments: Schirmer's tear test without anesthesia, punctate keratopathy and conjunctival inflammation and scarring (scored according to Robinson et. al*). Each assessment was scored 0-3 with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe. The higher values represent a worse outcome. The CAS score was a number between 0-9 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    *Robinson MR, Lee SS, Rubin BI, Wayne AS, Pavletic SZ, Bishop MR, Childs R, Barrett AJ, Csaky KG. Topical Corticosteroid Therapy for Cicatricial Conjunctivitis Associated with Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 18:567-9.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  10. Mean Change in the Chronic Ocular GVHD Composite Assessment Scale (CAS) Score in the Fellow Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. The CAS score is the sum of the scores on three separate assessments: Schirmer's tear test without anesthesia, punctate keratopathy and conjunctival inflammation and scarring (scored according to Robinson et. al*). Each assessment was scored 0-3 with 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe. The higher values represent a worse outcome. The CAS score was a number between 0-9 with the higher number representing a worse outcome.

    *Robinson MR, Lee SS, Rubin BI, Wayne AS, Pavletic SZ, Bishop MR, Childs R, Barrett AJ, Csaky KG. Topical Corticosteroid Therapy for Cicatricial Conjunctivitis Associated with Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 18:567-9.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  11. Mean Change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Best-corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the Study Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline.

    Visual acuity was measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read on an ETDRS eye chart and the letters read equate to Snellen measurements. For example, if a participant reads between 84 and 88 letters, the equivalent Snellen measurement is 20/20.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  12. Mean Change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Best-corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the Fellow Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. Visual acuity was measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read on an ETDRS eye chart and the letters read equate to Snellen measurements. For example, if a participant reads between 84 and 88 letters, the equivalent Snellen measurement is 20/20.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  13. Mean Change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Best-corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the Study Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    Visual acuity was measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read on an ETDRS eye chart and the letters read equate to Snellen measurements. For example, if a participant reads between 84 and 88 letters, the equivalent Snellen measurement is 20/20.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  14. Mean Change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Best-corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the Fellow Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline.

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. Visual acuity was measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read on an ETDRS eye chart and the letters read equate to Snellen measurements. For example, if a participant reads between 84 and 88 letters, the equivalent Snellen measurement is 20/20.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  15. Mean Change in Tear Stability (Tear Break-up Time) in the Study Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    Sodium fluorescein dye was added to the eye and the tear film was observed under the slit lamp while the participant avoided blinking until tiny dry spots develop. Three measurements were taken and averaged for a more reproducible score.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  16. Mean Change in Tear Stability (Tear Break-up Time) in the Fellow Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. Sodium fluorescein dye was added to the eye and the tear film was observed under the slit lamp while the participant avoided blinking until tiny dry spots develop. Three measurements were taken and averaged for a more reproducible score.

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  17. Mean Change in Tear Stability (Tear Break-up Time) in the Study Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    Sodium fluorescein dye was added to the eye and the tear film was observed under the slit lamp while the participant avoided blinking until tiny dry spots develop. Three measurements were taken and averaged for a more reproducible score.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  18. Mean Change in Tear Stability (Tear Break-up Time) in the Fellow Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. Sodium fluorescein dye was added to the eye and the tear film was observed under the slit lamp while the participant avoided blinking until tiny dry spots develop. Three measurements were taken and averaged for a more reproducible score.

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  19. Mean Change in Tear Composition (Tear Osmolarity) in the Study Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The tear composition test consists of the measurement of tear osmolarity using the Tearlab Osmolarity System (San Diego, California) by collecting a small 50 nanoliter (nL) tear sample which, with the use of laboratory test calculations, can derive the tear osmolarity in milliosmole per liter (mOsm/L).

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  20. Mean Change in Tear Composition (Tear Osmolarity) in the Study Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    The tear composition test consists of the measurement of tear osmolarity using the Tearlab Osmolarity System (San Diego, California) by collecting a small 50 nanoliter (nL) tear sample which, with the use of laboratory test calculations, can derive the tear osmolarity in milliosmole per liter (mOsm/L).

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

  21. Mean Change in Tear Composition (Tear Osmolarity) in the Fellow Eye at 3 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. The tear composition test consists of the measurement of tear osmolarity using the Tearlab Osmolarity System (San Diego, California) by collecting a small 50 nanoliter (nL) tear sample which, with the use of laboratory test calculations, can derive the tear osmolarity in milliosmole per liter (mOsm/L).

    Measured: Baseline and 3 Months

  22. Mean Change in Tear Composition (Tear Osmolarity) in the Fellow Eye at 6 Months Compared to Baseline

    The fellow eye is the untreated eye. The tear composition test consists of the measurement of tear osmolarity using the Tearlab Osmolarity System (San Diego, California) by collecting a small 50 nanoliter (nL) tear sample which, with the use of laboratory test calculations, can derive the tear osmolarity in milliosmole per liter (mOsm/L).

    Measured: Baseline and 6 Months

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted30 Oct 2013 (estimated)
  2. Study startNov 2013
  3. Primary completionMay 2015
  4. Study completionJan 2016

Why it stopped: Investigational product unavailable due to manufacturing issues

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase 2
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Crossover
Masking
Triple blind
Who is masked
Participant, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment
18 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT01972438
Sponsor's protocol ID
130206
Other IDs
13-EI-0206
Acronym
GVHD ASED
Status last verified
Oct 2016
First submitted
23 Oct 2013
Last updated
8 Dec 2016
Data monitoring committee
Yes
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Filipovich AH, Weisdorf D, Pavletic S, Socie G, Wingard JR, Lee SJ, Martin P, Chien J, Przepiorka D, Couriel D, Cowen EW, Dinndorf P, Farrell A, Hartzman R, Henslee-Downey J, Jacobsohn D, McDonald G, Mittleman B, Rizzo JD, Robinson M, Schubert M, Schultz K, Shulman H, Turner M, Vogelsang G, Flowers ME. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagnosis and staging working group report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005 Dec;11(12):945-56. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.09.004.

    PubMed 16338616

  • Yamada C, King KE, Ness PM. Autologous serum eyedrops: literature review and implications for transfusion medicine specialists. Transfusion. 2008 Jun;48(6):1245-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01665.x. Epub 2008 Apr 10.

    PubMed 18410252

  • Bron AJ, Evans VE, Smith JA. Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests. Cornea. 2003 Oct;22(7):640-50. doi: 10.1097/00003226-200310000-00008.

    PubMed 14508260

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A Phase 2 study testing ASEDs and Saline in people with Graft vs Host Disease, run by National Eye Institute (NEI) at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: stopped early, as of the sponsor's last update on 8 Dec 2016. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

What does this phase mean?

Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.

Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 13 Sep 2016). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Proportion of Participants Who Experienced a ≥ 50% Reduction in the Combined Score of the Modified Oxford Punctate Keratopathy Grading and the NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI) Visual Analogue Scale in the Study Eye From Baseline to Month 3. (time frame: Baseline and 3 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01972438, which also lists 3 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 8 Dec 2016.

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