Ganaxolone Treatment in Children With Fragile X Syndrome

Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) is a clinician administered measure of anxiety in children and adolescents. The PARS is comprised of a 50-item symptom checklist used to determine the presence or absence of specific anxiety symptoms during the prior week and 7 severity/impairment items, each scored from 0 to 5. The score on the 7 items allows the clinician to rate symptom severity and associated impairment on a range from 0 to 35, with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity and associated impairment.

A semi-structured VAS design was employed, providing two of the three behaviors to be assessed as anxiety and attention, chosen by caregiver(s) of one additional behavior from a bank of five. This bank included sociability, attention, aggression, language, and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Parents mark on a visual line measuring 10 centimeters (cm) with "worst behavior" at 0 cm and "best behavior" at 10 cm. For each behavior the caregiver is instructed to mark their impression of behavior at Baseline visit and again at each visit. The calculated distance in cm between the baseline and each visit marks thereby demonstrates whether each behavior improved, worsened, or stayed the same during the study, and by how much. Shown here is the least square mean distance and its corresponding standard error in cm from the "worst behavior" side, at baseline. Smaller the value, worser the behavior.

The ADAMS is a 28-item behavior-based informant instrument rated by the parent(s), legal authorized guardian(s), or consistent caregiver(s). The scale is composed of 5 factors, which addresses Manic/Hyperactive Behavior, Depressed Mood, Social Avoidance, General Anxiety, and Obsessive/Compulsive Behavior. Items are scored on a 0-3 Likert scale that combines frequency and severity ratings (where 0=behavior has not occurred or is not a problem, 3=behavior occurs a lot or is a severe problem). Each subscale score is calculated separately; the scale range for Manic/Hyperactive Behavior is 0-15; for Depressed Mood, 0-21; for Social Avoidance, 0-21; for General Anxiety, 0-21; for Obsessive Behavior, 0-9. There is an overlapped item between Manic/Hypertension Behavior and General Anxiety; hence, the subscale ranges appear to reflect scores for 29 items instead of 28 items.

The ABC is a 58-item parent rated from 0 (not at all a problem) to 3 (the problem is severe in degree with 6 subscales: Irritability (includes agitation, aggression, and self-injury, 15 items) with range of scores from 0-45; Social Withdrawal/Lethargy (16 items) with range of scores from 0-48; Stereotypy (7 items) with range of scores from 0-21; Hyperactivity (16 items) with range of scores from 0-48; Inappropriate Speech (4 items) with range of scores from 0-12 and Social avoidance (4 items) with range of scores from 0-12. Higher scores indicated greater severity. Social Withdrawal and Lethargy are reporting the same scale and Social Avoidance is a subscale of Social Withdrawal; hence, the subscale ranges appear to reflect scores for 62 items instead of 58 items.

The SNAP-IV is a revision of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) Questionnaire. The SNAP-IV: ADHD Inattention Subscale (items 1-9) scores the intensity of each item during the last seven days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, 1=just a little, 2=pretty much, 3=very much). Possible scores ranged from 0-27; higher scores indicated a greater intensity. The SNAP-IV ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Subscale (items 10-18) scores the intensity of each item in the last seven days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, 1=just a little, 2=pretty much, 3=very much). Possible scores ranged from 0-27; higher scores indicated a greater intensity. SNAP-IV ADHD Combined Scale score (inattention + hyperactivity/impulsivity) ranged from 0-54. A low score of 0 indicates less inattention + hyperactivity/impulsivity. A high score of 54 indicates more inattention + hyperactivity.