Intraventricular HemorrhageNCT01498705
The Natural History of Procalcitonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke
An observational study of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Intracerebral Hemorrhage, run by CAMC Health System at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Approximately 12% of strokes in the United States are hemorrhagic.1 Hemorrhagic stroke can lead to multiple complications including fever that is not infectious. Identifying the cause of fever can help physicians choose the best care for the patient to try and prevent further damage to the already injured brain. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- What is being tested?
- Procalcitonin level
- How many people
- 0 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Dec 2011to Dec 2012
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Patients admitted to the Neurosurgical ICU with a diagnosis of intraventricular or intracerebral hemorrhage
Who may be able to join
- Hospitalization for an admitting diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit
- Age greater than 18 years
- No evidence of ischemic cerebrovascular injury
Who cannot join
- Concomitant traumatic brain injury
- Antibiotics on admission to the NICU
- Immunocompromised by chemotherapy or HIV positive or patient with neutropenia (ANC <1000)
- Women who are pregnant and/or of childbearing age where a pregnancy test has not already occurred
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Charleston Area Medical Center
Charleston, West Virginia, 25301
About this study
Approximately 12% of strokes in the United States are hemorrhagic.1 Hemorrhagic stroke can lead to multiple complications including fever that is not infectious. Identifying the cause of fever can help physicians choose the best care for the patient to try and prevent further damage to the already injured brain. Bacterial infection is one possible cause of fever in the stroke patient; however an incorrect diagnosis of infection can lead to unnecessary antibiotic use. Better screening tools for infection are being developed to help fight the problem of antibiotic resistance and unnecessary antibiotic use. Unnecessary use of antibiotics in patients increases the risk of adverse events and overall healthcare costs. Procalcitonin (PCT) is one such screening tool which has been used previously to help tell apart bacterial and nonbacterial causes of infection in other disease states; however, PCT has not been studied in hemorrhagic stroke patients. The purpose of this study is to understand the progress of PCT in hemorrhagic stroke patients in order to see whether PCT can be a useful marker for infection in these patients.
Read the detailed description
Stroke is the second leading killer worldwide and the third leading cause of death in the United States. The two major mechanisms causing brain damage in stroke are, ischemia and hemorrhage. Several complications can arise from these cerebral insults ranging from minor neurologic dysfunction, complete immobility, or death. In the intensive care setting, clinicians combat the pathophysiologic processes that lead to the aforementioned sequelae of stroke and contest other acute issues which may or may not be secondary to the stroke itself, with one such issue being hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is defined by the Society of Critical Care Medicine as a temperature greater than 38.3°C. In one prospective study, hyperthermia was reported to occur in 43% of patients during the first week of hospitalization following an ischemic or hemorrhagic (excluding subarachnoid hemorrhage) stroke. Hyperthermia in the stroke patient can be detrimental leading to increased infarct size and worsened neurological outcomes. The etiology of the hyperthermia may not be clear upon initial evaluation but cessation of fever is essential to prevent further damage.
One possible cause of hyperthermia in the stroke patient is bacterial infection. Infection complicating cerebral insult can lead to poor functional outcome and increased mortality. Kilpatrick and colleagues found that fever occurred in 47% of patients who were admitted with either a traumatic or ischemic brain injury and 70% of these patients received at least one antibiotic within 24 hours of their febrile episode, however the antibiotics had no effect on controlling the fevers. With bacterial resistance ever increasing, it is vital that clinicians reserve antibiotics for patients in whom the source of fever is believed to be secondary to an infectious process. It has been estimated that the United States health care system spends more than $20 billion annually on antibiotic-resistant infections and these infections result in more than eight million additional hospital days. Antibiotic use across health care disciplines has been estimated to be administered either inappropriately or unnecessarily 50% of the time. Considering clinical symptoms of infection can mirror other disease processes, reliable diagnostic biomarkers would be useful in helping determine the appropriate diagnosis.
PCT is a 116 amino acid peptide with a sequence identical to calcitonin but lacking hormonal activity. PCT was first utilized by Assicot et al in the setting of sepsis to help determine whether the inflammatory response from the patient was secondary to bacterial infection. Since this finding, PCT has been shown in several studies to have a high sensitivity and specificity for indicating systemic bacterial infections. During infection PCT is secreted into the bloodstream without increasing calcitonin. PCT has been shown prospectively to only be elevated in patients with bacterial infections while remaining consistently low in patients infected with viruses or other inflammatory processes. Often when insulted, the body utilizes proteins and metabolic products, and the changes noted in these substances are often used as markers of inflammation. Unlike erythryocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), PCT remains low during these inflammatory states. Furthermore, it has been shown that PCT levels increase earlier after stimulation (3-6hrs) compared to C-reactive protein (12-24hrs), indicating PCT can be utilized to rapidly detect bacterial infections. Normal PCT levels in adults are less than 0.1 ng/mL while PCT values greater than 0.5ng/mL have been determined to be predictive of bacterial infection. PCT has been evaluated in several clinical scenarios to help determine a bacterial versus a non-bacterial source of infection, however, to our knowledge, the effects of hemorrhagic stroke on PCT are not yet known. Determining the natural history of PCT in a hemorrhagic stroke patient would provide beneficial information as to whether PCT can be used as a biomarker in this population to help differentiate a bacterial from a non-bacterial cause of hyperthermia.
- Being tested
- Procalcitonin level
- Keywords
- Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Brain Diseases, Central Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases, Vascular Diseases, Procalcitonin Level
- Medical subject headings
- Cerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Brain Diseases, Central Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases, Vascular Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Procalcitonin levelOther
PCT level upon admission and on days 1, 3, and 5 following baseline level
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Hemmorhagic Stroke | * Hospitalization for an admitting diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit
* Age greater than 18 years
* No evidence of ischemic cerebrovascular injury Receives: Other: Procalcitonin level |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Natural progression of PCT following hemorrhagic stroke
Measured: Change in serum PCT level on day 0 (baseline) from serum PCT level day 1, 3, and 5.
Secondary outcomes (1)
Markers of infection (if obtained by treating medical team) using SIRS criteria well as cultures.
Sirs criteria: temperature < 36°C or > 38°C, heart rate > 90 beats/min, respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min, white blood cell count < 4000/mm² or > 12,000/mm² or ≥ 10% bands Cultures: blood, urine and sputum obtained by the treating medical team during study period and followed until final culture results are determined
Measured: From date of enrollment to 28 days or until death or discharge, whichever comes first.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Dec 2011 (estimated)
- Study startDec 2011
- Primary completionJun 2012 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2012 (estimated)
Why it stopped: Anticipated grant was withdrawn and additional funding was unable to be obtained
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (19)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Intraventricular HemorrhageStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- CAMC Health System
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Douglas W Haden, MD, Principal investigator, WVU School of Medicine/Charleston Division
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01498705
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1997096
- Status last verified
- Jan 2014
- First submitted
- 20 Dec 2011
- Last updated
- 21 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Roberts RR, Hota B, Ahmad I, Scott RD 2nd, Foster SD, Abbasi F, Schabowski S, Kampe LM, Ciavarella GG, Supino M, Naples J, Cordell R, Levy SB, Weinstein RA. Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago teaching hospital: implications for antibiotic stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Oct 15;49(8):1175-84. doi: 10.1086/605630.
PubMed 19739972Meyer BC, Hemmen TM, Jackson CM, Lyden PD. Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: prospective reliability and validity. Stroke. 2002 May;33(5):1261-6. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000015625.87603.a7.
PubMed 11988601Castelli GP, Pognani C, Cita M, Paladini R. Procalcitonin as a prognostic and diagnostic tool for septic complications after major trauma. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jun;37(6):1845-9. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819ffd5b.
PubMed 19384224O'Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG, Bleck T, Carroll K, Kalil AC, Linden P, Maki DG, Nierman D, Pasculle W, Masur H; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):1330-49. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318169eda9.
PubMed 18379262Azzimondi G, Bassein L, Nonino F, Fiorani L, Vignatelli L, Re G, D'Alessandro R. Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis. A prospective study. Stroke. 1995 Nov;26(11):2040-3. doi: 10.1161/01.str.26.11.2040.
PubMed 7482646Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Halley M, Busto R. Delayed posttraumatic brain hyperthermia worsens outcome after fluid percussion brain injury: a light and electron microscopic study in rats. Neurosurgery. 1996 Mar;38(3):533-41; discussion 541. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199603000-00023.
PubMed 8837806Hong KS, Kang DW, Koo JS, Yu KH, Han MK, Cho YJ, Park JM, Bae HJ, Lee BC. Impact of neurological and medical complications on 3-month outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Dec;15(12):1324-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02310.x.
PubMed 19049549Katzan IL, Cebul RD, Husak SH, Dawson NV, Baker DW. The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke. Neurology. 2003 Feb 25;60(4):620-5. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000046586.38284.60.
PubMed 12601102Johnston KC, Li JY, Lyden PD, Hanson SK, Feasby TE, Adams RJ, Faught RE Jr, Haley EC Jr. Medical and neurological complications of ischemic stroke: experience from the RANTTAS trial. RANTTAS Investigators. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):447-53. doi: 10.1161/01.str.29.2.447.
PubMed 9472888Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C, Dick F, Taylor GS, Murray G. Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. Stroke. 2000 Jun;31(6):1223-9. doi: 10.1161/01.str.31.6.1223.
PubMed 10835436Kilpatrick MM, Lowry DW, Firlik AD, Yonas H, Marion DW. Hyperthermia in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Neurosurgery. 2000 Oct;47(4):850-5; discussion 855-6. doi: 10.1097/00006123-200010000-00011.
PubMed 11014424El-Solh AA, Vora H, Knight PR 3rd, Porhomayon J. Diagnostic use of serum procalcitonin levels in pulmonary aspiration syndromes. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun;39(6):1251-6. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a942c.
PubMed 21283001Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, Raymond J, Guilbaud J, Bohuon C. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet. 1993 Feb 27;341(8844):515-8. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90277-n.
PubMed 8094770Chalupa P, Beran O, Herwald H, Kasprikova N, Holub M. Evaluation of potential biomarkers for the discrimination of bacterial and viral infections. Infection. 2011 Oct;39(5):411-7. doi: 10.1007/s15010-011-0126-4. Epub 2011 Jul 1.
PubMed 21720792Hochreiter M, Kohler T, Schweiger AM, Keck FS, Bein B, von Spiegel T, Schroeder S. Procalcitonin to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients: a randomized prospective controlled trial. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R83. doi: 10.1186/cc7903. Epub 2009 Jun 3.
PubMed 19493352
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Natural History of Procalcitonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01498705
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1997096
- Keywords
- Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Brain Diseases, Central Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases, Vascular Diseases, Procalcitonin Level
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- WithdrawnReason stopped: Anticipated grant was withdrawn and additional funding was unable to be obtained
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- CAMC Health SystemUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Dec 2011
- Primary completion
- Jun 2012 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2012 (estimated)
- First posted
- 23 Dec 2011 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Approximately 12% of strokes in the United States are hemorrhagic.1 Hemorrhagic stroke can lead to multiple complications including fever that is not infectious. Identifying the cause of fever can help physicians choose the best care for the patient to try and prevent further damage to the already injured brain. Bacterial infection is one possible cause of fever in the stroke patient; however an incorrect diagnosis of infection can lead to unnecessary antibiotic use. Better screening tools for infection are being developed to help fight the problem of antibiotic resistance and unnecessary antibiotic use. Unnecessary use of antibiotics in patients increases the risk of adverse events and overall healthcare costs. Procalcitonin (PCT) is one such screening tool which has been used previously to help tell apart bacterial and nonbacterial causes of infection in other disease states; however, PCT has not been studied in hemorrhagic stroke patients. The purpose of this study is to understand the progress of PCT in hemorrhagic stroke patients in order to see whether PCT can be a useful marker for infection in these patients.
Detailed description
Stroke is the second leading killer worldwide and the third leading cause of death in the United States. The two major mechanisms causing brain damage in stroke are, ischemia and hemorrhage. Several complications can arise from these cerebral insults ranging from minor neurologic dysfunction, complete immobility, or death. In the intensive care setting, clinicians combat the pathophysiologic processes that lead to the aforementioned sequelae of stroke and contest other acute issues which may or may not be secondary to the stroke itself, with one such issue being hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is defined by the Society of Critical Care Medicine as a temperature greater than 38.3°C. In one prospective study, hyperthermia was reported to occur in 43% of patients during the first week of hospitalization following an ischemic or hemorrhagic (excluding subarachnoid hemorrhage) stroke. Hyperthermia in the stroke patient can be detrimental leading to increased infarct size and worsened neurological outcomes. The etiology of the hyperthermia may not be clear upon initial evaluation but cessation of fever is essential to prevent further damage.
One possible cause of hyperthermia in the stroke patient is bacterial infection. Infection complicating cerebral insult can lead to poor functional outcome and increased mortality. Kilpatrick and colleagues found that fever occurred in 47% of patients who were admitted with either a traumatic or ischemic brain injury and 70% of these patients received at least one antibiotic within 24 hours of their febrile episode, however the antibiotics had no effect on controlling the fevers. With bacterial resistance ever increasing, it is vital that clinicians reserve antibiotics for patients in whom the source of fever is believed to be secondary to an infectious process. It has been estimated that the United States health care system spends more than $20 billion annually on antibiotic-resistant infections and these infections result in more than eight million additional hospital days. Antibiotic use across health care disciplines has been estimated to be administered either inappropriately or unnecessarily 50% of the time. Considering clinical symptoms of infection can mirror other disease processes, reliable diagnostic biomarkers would be useful in helping determine the appropriate diagnosis.
PCT is a 116 amino acid peptide with a sequence identical to calcitonin but lacking hormonal activity. PCT was first utilized by Assicot et al in the setting of sepsis to help determine whether the inflammatory response from the patient was secondary to bacterial infection. Since this finding, PCT has been shown in several studies to have a high sensitivity and specificity for indicating systemic bacterial infections. During infection PCT is secreted into the bloodstream without increasing calcitonin. PCT has been shown prospectively to only be elevated in patients with bacterial infections while remaining consistently low in patients infected with viruses or other inflammatory processes. Often when insulted, the body utilizes proteins and metabolic products, and the changes noted in these substances are often used as markers of inflammation. Unlike erythryocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), PCT remains low during these inflammatory states. Furthermore, it has been shown that PCT levels increase earlier after stimulation (3-6hrs) compared to C-reactive protein (12-24hrs), indicating PCT can be utilized to rapidly detect bacterial infections. Normal PCT levels in adults are less than 0.1 ng/mL while PCT values greater than 0.5ng/mL have been determined to be predictive of bacterial infection. PCT has been evaluated in several clinical scenarios to help determine a bacterial versus a non-bacterial source of infection, however, to our knowledge, the effects of hemorrhagic stroke on PCT are not yet known. Determining the natural history of PCT in a hemorrhagic stroke patient would provide beneficial information as to whether PCT can be used as a biomarker in this population to help differentiate a bacterial from a non-bacterial cause of hyperthermia.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Hemmorhagic Stroke | – | Other: Procalcitonin level* Hospitalization for an admitting diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit * Age greater than 18 years * No evidence of ischemic cerebrovascular injury |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Patients admitted to the Neurosurgical ICU with a diagnosis of intraventricular or intracerebral hemorrhage
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Hospitalization for an admitting diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit
- Age greater than 18 years
- No evidence of ischemic cerebrovascular injury
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Concomitant traumatic brain injury
- Antibiotics on admission to the NICU
- Immunocompromised by chemotherapy or HIV positive or patient with neutropenia (ANC <1000)
- Women who are pregnant and/or of childbearing age where a pregnancy test has not already occurred
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Procalcitonin levelPCT level upon admission and on days 1, 3, and 5 following baseline level | Other | Hemmorhagic Stroke |
Primary outcome
Natural progression of PCT following hemorrhagic stroke
Time frame: Change in serum PCT level on day 0 (baseline) from serum PCT level day 1, 3, and 5.
1 secondary outcome
Markers of infection (if obtained by treating medical team) using SIRS criteria well as cultures.
Time frame: From date of enrollment to 28 days or until death or discharge, whichever comes first.
Results and safety
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Aug 2026.
- Background: PubMed 19739972Roberts RR, Hota B, Ahmad I, Scott RD 2nd, Foster SD, Abbasi F, Schabowski S, Kampe LM, Ciavarella GG, Supino M, Naples J, Cordell R, Levy SB, Weinstein RA. Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago teaching hospital: implications for antibiotic stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Oct 15;49(8):1175-84. doi: 10.1086/605630.
- Background: PubMed 11988601Meyer BC, Hemmen TM, Jackson CM, Lyden PD. Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: prospective reliability and validity. Stroke. 2002 May;33(5):1261-6. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000015625.87603.a7.
- Background: PubMed 19384224Castelli GP, Pognani C, Cita M, Paladini R. Procalcitonin as a prognostic and diagnostic tool for septic complications after major trauma. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jun;37(6):1845-9. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819ffd5b.
- Results publication: PubMed 18379262O'Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG, Bleck T, Carroll K, Kalil AC, Linden P, Maki DG, Nierman D, Pasculle W, Masur H; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):1330-49. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318169eda9.
- Results publication: PubMed 7482646Azzimondi G, Bassein L, Nonino F, Fiorani L, Vignatelli L, Re G, D'Alessandro R. Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis. A prospective study. Stroke. 1995 Nov;26(11):2040-3. doi: 10.1161/01.str.26.11.2040.
- Results publication: PubMed 8837806Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Halley M, Busto R. Delayed posttraumatic brain hyperthermia worsens outcome after fluid percussion brain injury: a light and electron microscopic study in rats. Neurosurgery. 1996 Mar;38(3):533-41; discussion 541. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199603000-00023.
- Results publication: PubMed 19049549Hong KS, Kang DW, Koo JS, Yu KH, Han MK, Cho YJ, Park JM, Bae HJ, Lee BC. Impact of neurological and medical complications on 3-month outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Dec;15(12):1324-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02310.x.
- Results publication: PubMed 12601102Katzan IL, Cebul RD, Husak SH, Dawson NV, Baker DW. The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke. Neurology. 2003 Feb 25;60(4):620-5. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000046586.38284.60.
- Results publication: PubMed 9472888Johnston KC, Li JY, Lyden PD, Hanson SK, Feasby TE, Adams RJ, Faught RE Jr, Haley EC Jr. Medical and neurological complications of ischemic stroke: experience from the RANTTAS trial. RANTTAS Investigators. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):447-53. doi: 10.1161/01.str.29.2.447.
- Results publication: PubMed 10835436Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C, Dick F, Taylor GS, Murray G. Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. Stroke. 2000 Jun;31(6):1223-9. doi: 10.1161/01.str.31.6.1223.
- Results publication: PubMed 11014424Kilpatrick MM, Lowry DW, Firlik AD, Yonas H, Marion DW. Hyperthermia in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Neurosurgery. 2000 Oct;47(4):850-5; discussion 855-6. doi: 10.1097/00006123-200010000-00011.
- Results publication: PubMed 21283001El-Solh AA, Vora H, Knight PR 3rd, Porhomayon J. Diagnostic use of serum procalcitonin levels in pulmonary aspiration syndromes. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun;39(6):1251-6. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a942c.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Douglas W Haden, MD principal investigator
WVU School of Medicine/Charleston Division
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Intracerebral Hemorrhage, run by CAMC Health System at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: withdrawn, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Natural progression of PCT following hemorrhagic stroke (time frame: Change in serum PCT level on day 0 (baseline) from serum PCT level day 1, 3, and 5.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01498705, which also lists 19 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Aug 2026.