EndometritisC/SOAPNCT01235546
Study of Effectiveness and Safety of Azithromycin-based Extended-spectrum Prophylaxis to Prevent Post Cesarean Infection
A study of Endometritis and Wound Infection, run by Alan Tita at 9 sites in United States.
Trial summary
The Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis (C/SOAP) study is a large pragmatic multi-center randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of azithromycin-based extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis (azithromycin plus standard narrow-spectrum cephalosporin) relative… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 14 years and older, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Endometritis, Wound Infection, Abscess
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 2,013 participants
- Where
- 9 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- May 2011to Dec 2015
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 14 years and older
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- -
- Pregnant Women aged 14 years and over at ≥ 24 weeks' viable gestation who will undergo unscheduled/non-elective cesareans with either:
- Labor (spontaneous or induced): active labor (ongoing contractions and at least 4cm dilated or contractions for at least 4 hours with documented cervical change of ≥1cm dilatation or ≥50% effacement), or
- Membrane rupture (standardized to duration of at least 4 hours prior to randomization).
Who cannot join
- Patient unwilling or unable to provide consent
- Multiple pregnancy
- Known azithromycin (or other macrolide) allergy
- Vaginal delivery
- Elective or scheduled cesarean prior to labor or membrane rupture.
- Azithromycin, erythromycin or other macrolide antibiotic use within 7 days of enrollment.
Show all 16Show fewer
- Clinical chorioamnionitis or any other active bacterial infection (e.g. pyelonephritis, pneumonia, abscess) at time of randomization.
- Patient is unable or unlikely to follow-up after delivery (e.g. no prenatal care or a non-resident patient)
- Fetal demise or major congenital anomaly
- Significant liver disease defined as known cirrhosis or elevated transaminases of at least 3-fold upper limit of normal
- Significant renal disease defined as serum creatinine known to be >2.0 mg/dl or on dialysis.
- Active congestive heart failure (EF<45%) or pulmonary edema
- Active diarrhea at time of delivery
- Any patient with significant electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia or hypocalcemia
- Any patient with structural heart disease or arrhythmias, or taking any medications known to prolong the QT interval
- Patient currently being treated with efavirenz, nelfinavir or fluconazole
Trial locations and contacts
9 sites in 1 country.
9 sites in 1 country
United States9 sites
Mission Hospital
Asheville, North Carolina, 28801
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama, 35233
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7516
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas, 77555-0587
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Houston, Texas, 77225
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
Ochsner Clinic Foundation
New Orleans, Louisiana, 70121
Columbia University
New York, New York, 10032
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132
About this study
Official title: Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis Trial
The Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis (C/SOAP) study is a large pragmatic multi-center randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of azithromycin-based extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis (azithromycin plus standard narrow-spectrum cephalosporin) relative to standard single-agent cephalosporin (preferably prior to surgical incision) to prevent post-cesarean infection.
Hypothesis: Compared to narrow-spectrum prophylaxis (i.e. cefazolin alone, or clindamycin if cephalosporin allergy) prior to surgical incision, the addition of extended-spectrum prophylaxis (azithromycin + cefazolin) reduces the incidence of post-cesarean infection.
- Conditions
- Endometritis, Wound Infection, Abscess, Surgical Site Infection
- Being tested
- Azithromycin and standard of care, Placebo and standard of care
- Keywords
- Pregnancy, Cesarean section, Antibiotic, Infections
- Medical subject headings
- Endometritis, Wound Infection, Abscess, Surgical Wound Infection, Infections
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Azithromycin and standard of careDrug
Also called Zithromax
500 mg in 250 cc normal saline 1 time dose plus standard of care (cephazolin or clindamycin)
Placebo and standard of careDrug
Also called normal saline
250 cc normal saline, plus standard of care (cephazolin or clindamycin)
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo and standard of care | Placebo comparator | 250 cc normal saline Receives: Drug: Placebo and standard of care |
| Azithromycin and Standard of care | Experimental | 500 mg Azithromycin in 250 cc normal saline Receives: Drug: Azithromycin and standard of care |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Participants With Endometritis and/or Wound Infection and/or Other Post-cesarean Infections (Occurring Within 6 Weeks of Delivery)
Endometritis was defined as the presence of at least two of the following signs with no other recognized cause: fever (temperature of at least 38°C [100.4°F]), abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, or purulent drainage from the uterus. Wound infection was defined as the presence of either superficial or deep incisional surgical-site infection characterized by cellulitis or erythema and induration around the incision or purulent discharge from the incision site with or without fever and included necrotizing fasciitis. Wound hematoma, seroma, or breakdown alone in the absence of the preceding signs did not constitute infection.
Measured: Up to 6 weeks after delivery
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Nov 2010 (estimated)
- Study startMay 2011
- Primary completionDec 2015
- Study completionDec 2015
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for EndometritisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 2,013 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Alan Tita
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), University of Texas, University of North Carolina, Mission Hospital, Ochsner Health System, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Columbia University, University of Utah, University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Alan Tita, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Investigators
- Alan TN Tita, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Alabama at Birmingham
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01235546
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- F090323006
- Other IDs
- NIH 1R01HD064729-01A1
- Acronym
- C/SOAP
- Status last verified
- Jun 2017
- First submitted
- 4 Nov 2010
- Last updated
- 28 Jul 2017
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Tita ATN, Rouse DJ, Blackwell S, Saade GR, Spong CY, Andrews WW. Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar;113(3):675-682. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318197c3b6.
PubMed 19300334Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, Savage K, Goldenberg RL. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1183-9. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00016-4.
PubMed 12798523Tita AT, Hauth JC, Grimes A, Owen J, Stamm AM, Andrews WW. Decreasing incidence of postcesarean endometritis with extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan;111(1):51-6. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000295868.43851.39.
PubMed 18165392Martin JK, Longo SA, Jauk VR, Clark EAS, Saade GR, Boggess KA, Esplin S, Wapner RJ, Owens MY, Blackwell SC, Andrews WW, Szychowski JM, Tita AT. Neonatal outcomes in term and preterm infants following adjunctive azithromycin antibiotic prophylaxis for non-elective cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2024 Dec;37(1):2367082. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2024.2367082. Epub 2024 Jun 14.
PubMed 38873885Sanusi A, Ye Y, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Owens M, Blackwell S, Szychowski JM, Tita ATN, Subramaniam A. Timing of Adjunctive Azithromycin for Unscheduled Cesarean Delivery and Postdelivery Infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Jun 1;139(6):1043-1049. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004788. Epub 2022 May 2.
PubMed 35675601Boggess KA, Tita A, Jauk V, Saade G, Longo S, Clark EAS, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Blackwell S, Beamon C, Szychowski JM, Andrews W; Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis Trial Consortium. Risk Factors for Postcesarean Maternal Infection in a Trial of Extended-Spectrum Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):481-485. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001899.
PubMed 28178058Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Abramovici A, Ambalavanan N, Cutter G, Andrews W; C/SOAP Trial Consortium. Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 29;375(13):1231-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602044.
PubMed 27682034
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Jul 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01235546
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- C/SOAP / F090323006
- Conditions
- Endometritis, Wound Infection, Abscess, Surgical Site Infection
- Keywords
- Pregnancy, Cesarean section, Antibiotic, Infections
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 2,013 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Alan TitaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), University of Texas, University of North Carolina, Mission Hospital, Ochsner Health System, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Columbia University, University of Utah, University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Study start
- May 2011
- Primary completion
- Dec 2015 (actual)
- Study completion
- Dec 2015 (actual)
- First posted
- 5 Nov 2010 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 28 Jul 2017
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis (C/SOAP) study is a large pragmatic multi-center randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of azithromycin-based extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis (azithromycin plus standard narrow-spectrum cephalosporin) relative to standard single-agent cephalosporin (preferably prior to surgical incision) to prevent post-cesarean infection.
Hypothesis: Compared to narrow-spectrum prophylaxis (i.e. cefazolin alone, or clindamycin if cephalosporin allergy) prior to surgical incision, the addition of extended-spectrum prophylaxis (azithromycin + cefazolin) reduces the incidence of post-cesarean infection.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo and standard of care | Placebo comparator | Drug: Placebo and standard of care250 cc normal saline |
| Azithromycin and Standard of care | Experimental | Drug: Azithromycin and standard of care500 mg Azithromycin in 250 cc normal saline |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 14 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- -
- Pregnant Women aged 14 years and over at ≥ 24 weeks' viable gestation who will undergo unscheduled/non-elective cesareans with either:
- Labor (spontaneous or induced): active labor (ongoing contractions and at least 4cm dilated or contractions for at least 4 hours with documented cervical change of ≥1cm dilatation or ≥50% effacement), or
- Membrane rupture (standardized to duration of at least 4 hours prior to randomization).
Key exclusion criteria (16 listed)
- Patient unwilling or unable to provide consent
- Multiple pregnancy
- Known azithromycin (or other macrolide) allergy
- Vaginal delivery
- Elective or scheduled cesarean prior to labor or membrane rupture.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin and standard of careAlso: Zithromax500 mg in 250 cc normal saline 1 time dose plus standard of care (cephazolin or clindamycin) | Drug | Azithromycin and Standard of care |
| Placebo and standard of careAlso: normal saline250 cc normal saline, plus standard of care (cephazolin or clindamycin) | Drug | Placebo and standard of care |
Primary outcome
Participants With Endometritis and/or Wound Infection and/or Other Post-cesarean Infections (Occurring Within 6 Weeks of Delivery)
Time frame: Up to 6 weeks after delivery
Endometritis was defined as the presence of at least two of the following signs with no other recognized cause: fever (temperature of at least 38°C [100.4°F]), abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, or purulent drainage from the uterus. Wound infection was defined as the presence of either superficial or deep incisional surgical-site infection characterized by cellulitis or erythema and induration around the incision or purulent discharge from the incision site with or without fever and included necrotizing fasciitis. Wound hematoma, seroma, or breakdown alone in the absence of the preceding signs did not constitute infection.
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Jul 2017.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 19300334Tita ATN, Rouse DJ, Blackwell S, Saade GR, Spong CY, Andrews WW. Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar;113(3):675-682. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318197c3b6.
- Background: PubMed 12798523Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, Savage K, Goldenberg RL. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1183-9. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00016-4.
- Background: PubMed 18165392Tita AT, Hauth JC, Grimes A, Owen J, Stamm AM, Andrews WW. Decreasing incidence of postcesarean endometritis with extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan;111(1):51-6. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000295868.43851.39.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 38873885Martin JK, Longo SA, Jauk VR, Clark EAS, Saade GR, Boggess KA, Esplin S, Wapner RJ, Owens MY, Blackwell SC, Andrews WW, Szychowski JM, Tita AT. Neonatal outcomes in term and preterm infants following adjunctive azithromycin antibiotic prophylaxis for non-elective cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2024 Dec;37(1):2367082. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2024.2367082. Epub 2024 Jun 14.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 35675601Sanusi A, Ye Y, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Owens M, Blackwell S, Szychowski JM, Tita ATN, Subramaniam A. Timing of Adjunctive Azithromycin for Unscheduled Cesarean Delivery and Postdelivery Infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Jun 1;139(6):1043-1049. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004788. Epub 2022 May 2.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 28178058Boggess KA, Tita A, Jauk V, Saade G, Longo S, Clark EAS, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Blackwell S, Beamon C, Szychowski JM, Andrews W; Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis Trial Consortium. Risk Factors for Postcesarean Maternal Infection in a Trial of Extended-Spectrum Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):481-485. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001899.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 27682034Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Abramovici A, Ambalavanan N, Cutter G, Andrews W; C/SOAP Trial Consortium. Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 29;375(13):1231-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602044.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Endometritis
Not yet recruitingObservational study
Hysteroscopy and CD138+ Plasma Cell Density in Chronic Endometritis
Chronic Endometritis
Not yet recruiting
Effect of Betadine Vaginal Cleansing Before Cesarean Section to Reduce Postoperative Infectious Morbidity
Cesarean Section, Surgical Site Infection
Not yet recruitingPhase 4
Cyclobenzaprine for Postoperative Pain in Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Unspecified
Not yet recruitingObservational study
GnRH Agonist Pretreatment in Persistent Chronic Endometritis Undergoing FET
Chronic Endometritis
RecruitingObservational study
Fertility Outcomes After Antibiotic Treatment In Women With Chronic Endometritis
Endometritis, Infertility
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Alan TN Tita, MD, PhD principal investigator
University of Alabama at Birmingham
9 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study of Endometritis and Wound Infection, run by Alan Tita at 9 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 16 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Jul 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 9 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 28 Jul 2017). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Participants With Endometritis and/or Wound Infection and/or Other Post-cesarean Infections (Occurring Within 6 Weeks of Delivery) (time frame: Up to 6 weeks after delivery). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01235546, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Jul 2017; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.