Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1NCT01060371
Natural History Study of and Genetic Modifiers in Spinocerebellar Ataxias
An observational study of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 and Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, run by Lauren Moore at 17 sites in 2 countries.
Trial summary
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are genetic neurological diseases that cause imbalance, poor coordination, and speech difficulties. There are different kinds of SCAs and this study will focus on types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27B, and RFC1-ataxia (SCA 1, SCA 2, SCA 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease, SCA 6, SCA 7, SCA… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 6 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3
- What is being tested?
- Genetic Testing, Blood Collection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan
- How many people
- 1,400 participants
- Where
- 17 sitesin 2 countries
- Study dates
- Apr 2010to Dec 2030
- Phase
- Observational
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 6 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Study population: Participants will be recruited broadly across the United States and Canada through various means, including outpatient clinics, word-of-mouth referrals, and announcements/emails via the National Ataxia Foundation. Participants must complete annual research visits at one of the 16 designated CRC-SCA research sites with the corresponding study site Principal Investigator or Sub-Investigator. For MRI Sub-study only: Select participants may be recruited in Paris, France and in Bonn, Germany to participate locally in Europe in the MRI Sub-study with the corresponding study Investigators and teams.
Who may be able to join
- Affected individuals aged 6 or above with symptoms and/or signs of ataxia with genetic confirmation of SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27B, or RFC1-ataxia either in themselves or first degree family member.
- Any individual aged 18 or above with a definite molecular diagnosis of SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27B, or RFC1-ataxia.
- Former participants of the READISCA (NCT03487367) study.
- Willingness to participate in the study and ability to give informed consent
- For MRI Sub-Study only: Previous READISCA enrollees; individuals aged 18 or above with a genetic confirmation of SCA1, 2, or 3 and a SARA score <10 at MRI pre-screening; Healthy control participants without neurological condition.
Who cannot join
- Exclusion of SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27B, or RFC1-ataxia by previous DNA testing.
- A lack of willingness to participate in the study
- For MRI Sub-study only: Inability to undergo MRI scanning, pregnancy, and other neurological diseases than those of interest.
Trial locations and contacts
17 sites in 2 countries. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
17 sites in 2 countries
United States16 sites, 14 recruiting
- Recruiting
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
Frank Ferrari, 734-232-6247, frankfer@med.umich.edu
Henry Paulson, M.D., PhD.
- Recruiting
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia, 30320
Lorena Bingham, 404-728-4909, lorena.antonieta.bingham@emory.edu
George Wilmot, MD, PhD
- Recruiting
John Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
Vanessa Nesspor, 410-616-2815, ataxiaresearch@jhu.edu
Chiadi Onyike, MD, MHS
- Recruiting
Harvard University
Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
Jason MacMore, 617-726-3216, jmacmore@partners.org
Jeremy Schmahmann, M.D.
- Recruiting
Nortwestern University
Chicago, Illinois, 60611
Karen Williams, 312-503-5645, k-williams8@northwestern.edu
Puneet Opal, MD
- Withdrawn
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, 60637
- Recruiting
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas, 75390
Sharon Primeaux, 214-645-0671, Sharon.Primeaux@UTSouthwestern.edu
Vikram Shakkottai, MD, PhD
- Recruiting
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, 32610
Amanda Fessenden, 352-733-2431, amanda.fessenden@neurology.ufl.edu
S H Subramony, MD
- Recruiting
Houston Methodist
Houston, Texas, 77030
Noor Albukhaleefah, 346-356-3638, nalbukhaleefah@houstonmethodist.org
Andrew Billnitzer, MD
- Recruiting
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, 90095
Westley Ulit, 310-206-8153, wulit@mednet.ucla.edu
Susan Perlman, M.D.
- Active, not recruiting
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
- Recruiting
Columbia University
New York, New York, 10032
Nadia Amokrane, 212-305-5558, na2855@cumc.columbia.edu
Sheng-Han Kuo, M.D.
- Recruiting
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107
Anne Beckett-Fedarko, 215-829-7775, anne.beckett-fedarko@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
Ali Hamedani, MD
- Recruiting
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, California, 94115
Zach Lamson, 415-502-0670, zach.lamson@ucsf.edu
Michael Geschwind, MD
- Recruiting
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, 98195
Sarah Simon, ssimon3@uw.edu
Marie Davis, MD
- Recruiting
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida, 33620
Lucretia Campbell, 813-974-5633, lcampbel@usf.edu
Theresa Zesiewicz, M.D.
Canada1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Le Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
Montreal, Quebec, 30153
Martine Comeau, 514-890-8000, martine.comeau.chum@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
Antoine Duquette, MD
About this study
Official title: Clinical Research Consortium for the Study of Cerebellar Ataxias (CRC-SCA) for the Natural History Study of and Genetic Modifiers in Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA)
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are genetic neurological diseases that cause imbalance, poor coordination, and speech difficulties. There are different kinds of SCAs and this study will focus on types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27B, and RFC1-ataxia (SCA 1, SCA 2, SCA 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease, SCA 6, SCA 7, SCA 8, SCA 10, SCA27B, and RFC1-ataxia, also known as CANVAS). The diseases are rare, slowly progressive, cause increasingly severe neurological difficulties, and are variable across and within genotypes. The purpose of this research study is to bring together a group of experts in the field of SCA for the purpose of learning more about the disease.
The research questions are:
Read more
- How do these diseases progress over time?
- What are the best ways to measure the progression?
- Do some genes, other than the gene that is abnormal in these diseases, have any effect on the way the disease behaves?
This is a nationwide study and the investigators expect that 1400 patients will participate all over North America. The participants will remain in the study for an indeterminate period of time, for as long as they are willing to participate. Study visits will be done every 12 months.
Within the broader CRC-SCA, there is an Imaging Sub-study aiming to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers sensitive to the onset and progression of common SCAs. To accomplish this, participants attend annual visits involving a neurological exam, surveys, a blood draw, and an MRI scan. Participants can attend visits at one of three US locations - Minneapolis, MN; Gainesville, FL; or Dallas, TX and two European locations - Paris, France and Bonn, Germany. Eligible participants must either have SCA1, 2, or 3 or have been a participant of the previous READISCA study (NCT03487367). Gene-positive participants must have a SARA score less than 10; however, there is no SARA limit for participants previously enrolled in READISCA. All participants must be 18 years or older. Gene-negative participants should be 25-65 years old.
Read the detailed description
Study participants will have 2 teaspoons (10 milliliters) of blood collected during the first/screening visit in order to extract DNA. The sample will be sent to the University of Chicago Genetics Laboratory for the study of genetic factors that modify the course of the disease.
Participants will be asked to return for visits on an annual basis. As part of this study, whole blood samples will be collected from participants at each visit and deposited into a tissue repository called BioSEND (NINDS biomarker repository housed at Indiana University). Sample submissions to the repository may give scientists valuable research material that can help develop new diagnostic tests, new treatments, and new ways to prevent diseases. Scientists will not use participant samples, or material isolated from it, for commercial products or services.
CSF collection is an optional part of this study for SCA participants aged 18 years or older. If a participant declines the CSF collection, the participant will be allowed to continue with participation in the remainder of the study.
Participant samples will not have the participant's name or other personal information linked to it. Samples may be shared with researchers at other institutions. The only information the researchers will keep with the sample is participant age, disease type, the age at onset of disease, and the duration of the disease. The principal investigator at a participant's study site will be the only person who can link the sample to a participant. Participants can have their samples removed from the bank later by written request to their principal investigator.
At each annual visit, study participants will also be asked to complete several assessments that include questionnaires, motor function tests, a cognitive assessment, a neurological exam, and an MRI scan if enrolled in the MRI Sub-study.
- Conditions
- Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8
- Being tested
- Genetic Testing, Blood Collection, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan, Assessments and Questionnaires, Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection
- Keywords
- Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Natural History, Genetic Modifiers, Biomarkers
- Medical subject headings
- Spinocerebellar Ataxias, Machado-Joseph Disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia 8, Spinocerebellar Ataxia 10
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Genetic TestingGenetic
About two teaspoons (10 milliliters) of blood will be collected during the first/screening visit to determine SCA type.
Blood CollectionOther
Up to 50 milliliters of total blood (whole blood, plasma, serum) may be collected at each visit to measure markers of neurological disease.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ScanOther
Participants in the sub-study will undergo an MRI scan of head and spine lasting up to 90 minutes at 3 Tesla strength.
Assessments and QuestionnairesOther
Participants will complete various motor function and cognitive assessments and self-report questionnaires.
Cerebrospinal Fluid CollectionOther
(Optional) About 1 1/2 tablespoon (25ml) of CSF collected in adults.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Participants with Spinocerebellar Ataxias (Main Study) | Individuals aged 6 or older with the spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27b, or RFC1-Ataxia will be enrolled for genetic testing, blood collection, assessments, and questionnaires. Receives: Genetic: Genetic Testing; Other: Blood Collection; Other: Assessments and Questionnaires; Other: Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection | |
| Participants with Spinocerebellar Ataxias (MRI Sub-study) | Adults with the spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 2, and 3 will be enrolled for genetic testing, blood collection, assessments, questionnaires, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Receives: Genetic: Genetic Testing; Other: Blood Collection; Other: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan; Other: Assessments and Questionnaires | |
| Healthy Controls (MRI Sub-study) | Adults without spinocerebellar ataxias or other neurological conditions will be enrolled for genetic testing, blood collection, assessments, questionnaires, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Receives: Genetic: Genetic Testing; Other: Blood Collection; Other: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan; Other: Assessments and Questionnaires |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA)
The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) is an 8-item assessment measuring ataxia severity. Total scores are calculated as a sum of item scores and range 0-40, with higher scores indicating greater ataxia severity.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of Ataxia (PROM-ataxia)
The Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of Ataxia (PROM-ataxia) is a 70-item questionnaire assessing the impact of ataxia on an individual's daily life. Items are rated 0-4, where 0 indicates no difficulty/symptoms and 4 indicates severe difficulty/symptoms. Total scores are a sum of item scores and range 0 to 280 with higher scores indicating greater impact of ataxia symptoms on daily life.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Pons Volume
Pons volume will be measured using MRI and divided by normalized intracranial volume. This measure is a unitless ratio.
Measured: At baseline and then at a 12 month follow-up Visit
Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW)
The Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW) measures how fast participants can complete a 25-foot walk in seconds. The final score is an average of 2 trials. A higher scores indicates slower walking and greater gait impairment.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Secondary outcomes (8)
The modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale - Part E (mFARS-E)
The modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale - Part E (mFARS-E) is a 7-item comprehensive neurological assessment of upright stability. Item E1 (Sitting) is scored 0-4, Items E2-E5 (Stance) are scored 0-4 based on how many seconds a patient can maintain position without support, and Item E6 (Tandem Walk) is scored 0-3, and Item E7 (Gait) is scored 0-5. Participants may be given up to three attempts (trials) for Items E2-E5, with each attempt recording a score 0-4, and then averaging trial scores for the total Item score. Total score is a sum of item scores on a scale of 0 to 36 points, with higher scores indicating greater impairment and loss of balance.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Friedrich's Ataxia Activities of Daily Living (FA-ADL)
The Friedrich's Ataxia Activities of Daily Living (FA-ADL) is a 9-item questionnaire measuring how ataxia affects everyday function. Items are rated 1-5 on an ordinal scale with higher scores indicating greater impairment during daily tasks. Total score is the sum of items scorings, ranging 0-36, with higher scores indicating greater impairment.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Brief Ataxia Rating Scale (BARS)
The Brief Ataxia Rating Scale (BARS) is a 5-item assessment measuring cerebellar ataxia severity. Items are scored 0-4. Total scores are a sum of item scores and range 0-20, with higher scores indicating greater ataxia severity.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome (CCAS) Scale
The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome (CCAS) Scale is a screening instrument to detect the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in patients with cerebellar injury. The 12-item scale assesses different cognitive domains. The total possible raw score is 120 points; the Pass/Fail measure provides a maximum fail score of 10 (i.e., 10 failed tests). A fail score of 0 is normal. A participant with a fail score of 1 indicates a Possible CCAS, a fail score of 2 indicates Probable CCAS, and a fail score of 3 or more indicate Definite CCAS.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT)
The Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) assesses upper motor dexterity by having participants place and remove 9 pegs, one at a time, as quickly as possible, with one hand at a time. Scores are reported in seconds with higher scores indicated greater upper motor impairment.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
EuroQol 5-Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D) Index Score
The EuroQol 5-Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D) is a 6-item questionnaire used to assess a person's health-related quality of life. Items 1-3 are rated 1-3, items 4 and 5 are rated 1-5, and item 6 is a visual analog scale 0-100. Scores on questions 1-5 are converted into a single summary index value between 0 and 1, with lower scores indicating worse health-related quality of life.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Fatigue Severity Scale
The Fatigue Severity Scale is a 9-item scale that evaluates the impact of fatigue on a participant's life within the last week. Nine statements are rated on a scale of 1 to 7, where low values indicate strong disagreement with the statement and higher values indicate strong agreement with the statement. An additional item assess global fatigue on a scale 0 to 10, with 0 being the worst and 10 being normal. Total scores are calculated as the sum of ratings from Items 1-9, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue severity.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Fall Questionnaire
The Fall Questionnaire is a 5-item scale designed to monitor and capture a participant's number of falls, near-falls, and fall consequences based on the previous three months. Items 1-4 are rated on a scale of 0 to 3 points. Items 1-3 capture frequency of fall, near fall, and worry of falling, where a rating of 0 is Not at All in terms of frequency, up to a rating of 3 fora frequency of at least one time per week (over 13 or more times in 3 months). Item 4 is rated based on severity of injuries, if any, where 0 is Not at all for sustaining injuries, 1 is mild injuries, 2 is moderate injuries, and 3 is severe injuries. The scores from all four questions are summed to give a total score of 0-12 points, where higher scores indicate more severe fall history. Item 5 captures qualitative information on the circumstances of the fall and possible causes.
Measured: At baseline and then at 12 month intervals for Follow-Up Visit
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted2 Feb 2010 (estimated)
- Study startApr 2010
- Primary completionDec 2030 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2030 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 1,400 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Lauren Moore
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of California, Los Angeles, University of South Florida, National Ataxia Foundation, Columbia University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, University of Florida, Emory University, University of Chicago, Northwestern University, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, Massachusetts General Hospital, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Pennsylvania, University of Washington
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Lauren Moore, National Ataxia Foundation
- Investigators
- Liana Rosenthal, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, Johns Hopkins UniversitySheng-Han Kuo, MD, Principal investigator, Columbia UniversityVikram Shakkottai, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Texas
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01060371
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB201700740
- Other IDs
- 505-2009, OCR16458
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 29 Jan 2010
- Last updated
- 3 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Lin Y, Amokrane N, Worley S, Moore LR, Rosen A, Crespo LP, Trace K, Ashizawa T, Billnitzer A, Perlman S, Fisher A, Bushara K, Geschwind MD, Dietiker C, Gomez CM, Padmanaban M, Opal P, Akhtar RS, Paulson H, Srinivasan S, Ferng A, Ferrari F, Onyike CU, Fishman A, Ying S, Paul A, Schmahmann JD, Stephen CD, Gupta A, Lin CC, Subramony SH, Burns M, Wilmot G, Duquette A, Zesiewicz T, Davis MY, Hamedani AG, Vizcarra JA, Pulst SM, Primeaux S, Rummey C, Oz G, Shakkottai VG, Rosenthal LS, Kuo SH; CRC-SCA Consortium. The Natural History Study and Biomarker Collection of the Clinical Research Consortium for the Study of Cerebellar Ataxia (CRC-SCA). Cerebellum. 2025 Jul 18;24(5):134. doi: 10.1007/s12311-025-01885-0.
PubMed 40679685Lin CC, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH. Collaborative Efforts for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Research in the United States: CRC-SCA and READISCA. Front Neurol. 2020 Aug 26;11:902. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00902. eCollection 2020.
PubMed 32982927Gan SR, Wang J, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Tomishon D, Lee D, Perlman S, Wilmot G, Gomez CM, Schmahmann J, Paulson H, Shakkottai VG, Ying SH, Zesiewicz T, Bushara K, Geschwind MD, Xia G, Subramony SH, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH. Postural Tremor and Ataxia Progression in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017 Oct 9;7:492. doi: 10.7916/D8GM8KRH. eCollection 2017.
PubMed 29057148Kuo PH, Gan SR, Wang J, Lo RY, Figueroa KP, Tomishon D, Pulst SM, Perlman S, Wilmot G, Gomez CM, Schmahmann JD, Paulson H, Shakkottai VG, Ying SH, Zesiewicz T, Bushara K, Geschwind MD, Xia G, Subramony SH, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH. Dystonia and ataxia progression in spinocerebellar ataxias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017 Dec;45:75-80. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.10.007. Epub 2017 Oct 23.
PubMed 29089256Luo L, Wang J, Lo RY, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Kuo PH, Perlman S, Wilmot G, Gomez CM, Schmahmann J, Paulson H, Shakkottai VG, Ying SH, Zesiewicz T, Bushara K, Geschwind M, Xia G, Subramony SH, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH. The Initial Symptom and Motor Progression in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Cerebellum. 2017 Jun;16(3):615-622. doi: 10.1007/s12311-016-0836-3.
PubMed 27848087Selvadurai LP, Perlman SL, Wilmot GR, Subramony SH, Gomez CM, Ashizawa T, Paulson HL, Onyike CU, Rosenthal LS, Sair HI, Kuo SH, Ratai EM, Zesiewicz TA, Bushara KO, Oz G, Dietiker C, Geschwind MD, Nelson AB, Opal P, Yacoubian TA, Nopoulos PC, Shakkottai VG, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Morrison PE, Schmahmann JD. The S-Factor, a New Measure of Disease Severity in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: Findings and Implications. Cerebellum. 2023 Oct;22(5):790-809. doi: 10.1007/s12311-022-01424-1. Epub 2022 Aug 12.
PubMed 35962273Jen JC, Ashizawa T, Griggs RC, Waters MF. Rare neurological channelopathies--networks to study patients, pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016 Apr;12(4):195-203. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.18. Epub 2016 Mar 4.
PubMed 26943780Lo RY, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Perlman S, Wilmot G, Gomez C, Schmahmann J, Paulson H, Shakkottai VG, Ying S, Zesiewicz T, Bushara K, Geschwind M, Xia G, Yu JT, Lee LE, Ashizawa T, Subramony SH, Kuo SH. Depression and clinical progression in spinocerebellar ataxias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Jan;22:87-92. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.11.021. Epub 2015 Nov 22.
PubMed 26644294Lo RY, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Lin CY, Perlman S, Wilmot G, Gomez C, Schmahmann J, Paulson H, Shakkottai VG, Ying S, Zesiewicz T, Bushara K, Geschwind M, Xia G, Subramony SH, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH. Coenzyme Q10 and spinocerebellar ataxias. Mov Disord. 2015 Feb;30(2):214-20. doi: 10.1002/mds.26088. Epub 2014 Dec 1.
PubMed 25449974