Intervention to Reduce Stress in 0-5 Year Olds With Burns

Despite their clear vulnerability and demonstrated need, preschool children and their families have been the subject of very little research on traumatic stress following all types of injuries including burns (Stoddard \& Saxe, 2001). This lack of research is even more critical in an age in which tragic and traumatic events are increasing in frequency and severity.

Early identification of young burn survivors who also have elevated heart rates, high levels of pain and/or exhibit other symptoms of PTSD may help to prevent the development of later psychopathology. If assessment of stress is improved, then early interventions may be designed to prevent or reduce the later emergence of PTSD including phobias and associated symptoms. As of this time, however, no early interventions are available for very young burned children.

The intervention is driven by the findings of our previous study of 1-4 year olds that suggested that the child's PTSD symptoms could be reduced by improved pain and anxiety control and by reduced parental PTSD. The current study aims to advance the science of prevention of pathological stress responses in preschool children and their parents, strengthen both child and parent resilience after burn trauma and its treatments, and provide interventions for the children with posttraumatic symptoms such as re-experiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance, insomnia, nightmares, or regressions in social abilities like smiling and/or vocalization.

Our goal is not only to set up an intervention that will be effective in reducing stress for young children with burns and their families, we also want to assure that the intervention is feasible and sustainable for implementation in Shriners Hospital Boston, other Shriners Hospitals, and other Level I Pediatric Burn Centers after the end of this project.

The models for intervention are:

• COPE (Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment)

The psychosocial intervention which holds the greatest promise as a treatment for young burned children and their families is the COPE (Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment) program. COPE was designed to be implemented in a tertiary care center with seriously ill children. It has been shown in more than a dozen studies to significantly reduce symptoms of stress in both children and their parents. In one study, Melnyk et al (2004) delivered the COPE program with audiotapes and matching written information, and a parent-child workbook that helped implement the audiotaped information. It focused on increasing: 1) parents' knowledge and understanding the range of behaviors and emotions that young children typically display during and after hospitalization and 2) direct parent participation in their children's' emotional and physical care. In collaboration with COPE's senior author, B. M. Melnyk, the COPE intervention and materials will be tailored for a population of young burned children at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston.

Melnyk and her colleagues (2004; 1997; 2006) developed COPE as a "theory-based educational-behavioral program that consists of two types of educational information: (a) child behavioral information that teaches parents about the most typical emotions and behavioral responses that young children manifest as they cope with illness or trauma and hospitalization, and (b) parental role information that provides parents with suggestions regarding how they can best help their children to cope with the hospital experience" (Melnyk, Feinstein, Alpert-Gillis et al., 2006, p. 475). The COPE program was developed to target two major stressors that parents experience when their children are hospitalized: 1) their children's emotions, behaviors, and physical characteristics and 2) the loss of the parental role/control. COPE also contains a behavioral component to help parents to carry out the recommendations provided to them in the educational information.

There are now three versions of the COPE program: (a) COPE for parents of young hospitalized children, 1 to 7 years of age, (b) COPE: PICU for parents of 2 to 7-year- old critically ill young children, and (c) COPE: NICU for parents of low-birth-weight (LBW) premature infants. Each of these versions of the COPE program is essentially self-administered to parents via audio tapes and activity workbooks, generally in three brief (15 minute) sessions over a two day period during a pediatric hospitalization. Examples of workbook activities are teaching their children about how to express their feelings through play with their children and reading the Jenny's Wish book (i.e., a story about a small child who copes successfully with a critical care hospitalization). The suggested administration times are: 6-16 hours after admission to PICU, 2-16 hours after transfer to general pediatric unit, and 2-3 days after discharge from hospital.

Multiple studies have shown the validity of COPE (Melnyk, 1994, 1995; Melnyk et al., 2004; Melnyk et al., 2001; Melnyk et al., 1997; Melnyk, Feinstein, \& Fairbanks, 2006; Melnyk \& Feinstein, 2001; Melnyk, Feinstein, Alpert-Gillis et al., 2006; Vulcan \& Nikulich-Barrett, 1988). The 2004 paper describes an RCT design with 174 mother-child dyads that showed significant reductions in parental and child symptoms of stress at six and twelve months after the intervention.

• The Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress Toolkit for Health Care Providers

The Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress Toolkit for Health Care Providers provides another way to reduce unnecessary stress in medically ill children. Created by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network ("National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Toolkit for Health Care Providers,"; Stuber, Schneider, Kassam-Adams, Kazak, \& Saxe, 2006), the Toolkit is another innovation that could provide a platform not only for identifying children and families who are most in need of the COPE intervention but also for interventions not addressed by COPE like finding additional parental support, providing additional pain, anxiety, or depression medication for children or parents, or designing more targeted interventions for children and families whose stress levels may be lower overall but high only in certain areas.

The Toolkit contains a protocol called 'D-E-F' that helps clinicians to assess medically traumatized children and their families and to plan specific interventions for them. The idea of the Toolkit is that after the standard ABC's (Airways, Breathing, Circulation) of medical problems have been dealt with, clinicians should attend to the next most important issues, the 'DEF's of problems. The DEF acronym stands for Distress, Emotional Support, and Family Functioning. As described later in this proposal, the DEF protocol will be the basis for the initial assessment and clinical intervention recommendations provided by child psychiatry staff as part of a new program being developed at SBH Boston. The Toolkit contains handouts to help parents understand the stresses their medically ill children are facing and to help their children to cope with them as well as an overarching framework for mental health and medical clinicians to use in assessing and intervening to minimize post traumatic stress reactions.

The Toolkit materials are designed primarily for hospital-based heath care providers like physicians and nurses, and for parents. The Toolkit promotes "trauma-informed practice of pediatric health care in hospital settings across the continuum of care… - e.g., from emergency care, to the ICU, to specialized inpatient units, to general pediatrics". The NCTSN Toolkit for Health Care Providers provides an overarching framework for healthcare workers to use for both assessment and intervention for PTSD in children and parents.

Working within the NCTSN, many medical and psychosocial professionals, including Drs. Saxe and Stoddard, spent several years formulating this approach to working with children who have injuries and medically related traumas (Stuber et al., 2006). The Toolkit was released in late 2004 and although it shows a great deal of promise, it has yet to be validated and applied as a part of routine clinical care. The proposed project will be the first to empirically test it as a part of an intervention strategy.