Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)Phase 1WASNCT00774358
Interleukin-2 Treatment for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A Phase 1 study testing Interleukin-2 in people with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) and X-linked Thrombocytopenia, run by Soma Jyonouchi at 3 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Funding Source--FDA OOPD. Orphan Product Grant Number--1R01FD004091-01A1 Context: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a fatal, devastating disease with ill-defined treatment modalities, which affects young boys. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 24 months and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), X-linked Thrombocytopenia
- What is being tested?
- Interleukin-2
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 9 participants
- Where
- 3 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- Oct 2008to Sep 2016
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 24 months and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age: Subjects age greater than 24 months
- Weight: Subjects greater than 12.5 kilograms
- Disease status: WAS classified as Grade 1-4
- Informed Consent: Written informed consent of the subject (if an adult) or parental permission, and assent of the child subject provided justification is made for the inclusion of children in the study
Who cannot join
- Prior or planned hematopoetic transplant
- WAS classified as currently Grade 5 (Malignancy or autoimmune disease including the following: Crohn's disease, scleroderma, thyroiditis, inflammatory arthritis, diabetes mellitus, oculo-bulbar myasthenia gravis, crescentic IgA glomerulonephritis, cholecystitis, cerebral vasculitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and bullous pemphigoid . Not included here are: Hepatitis C virus induced vasculitis, alopecia areata and systemic lupus erythematosus.)
- Known previous reaction to IL-2
- Subjects taking immunosuppressive medications that might alter study results
- Subjects taking nephrotoxic, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, or hepatotoxic medications (including medications for hypertension)
- Subjects currently taking systemic corticosteroids (not included here: topical and inhaled corticosteroids)
Show all 10Show fewer
- Subjects taking Interferon alpha
- Use of any other investigational agent in the last 30 days
- Women of childbearing potential not using contraception method(s), as well as women who are breastfeeding
- Subjects with abnormal cardiac, hepatic and CNS function
Trial locations and contacts
3 sites in 1 country.
United States3 sites
The Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas, 77030
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
About this study
Official title: Reinstituting Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome With IL-2 Therapy
Funding Source--FDA OOPD.
Orphan Product Grant Number--1R01FD004091-01A1
Read more
Context: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a fatal, devastating disease with ill-defined treatment modalities, which affects young boys. Classic WAS is characterized by a clinical triad of thrombocytopenia, eczema and severe, recurrent infections. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances most WAS patients die at less than 12 years of age due to infections, hemorrhage, malignancy or complications from treatments. WAS patients suffer from herpesvirus infections as a result of poor Natural Killer (NK) cell function (cytotoxicity). In the laboratory, the investigators have seen correction of WAS Natural Killer Cell (NK) function after treatment with Interleukin-2 (IL-2).
Objectives: Initiate a prospective clinical trial by treating WAS subjects with IL-2 and using safety as the primary endpoint. Restoration of NK cell cytotoxicity and effects on cytoskeletal dynamics are secondary endpoints. The investigators will also observe patient clinical status (eczema, infections, use of treatment dose antibiotics, food allergies, etc).
Study Design/Setting/Participants: This is a prospective clinical trial treating 9 WAS subjects in the Clinical Translational Research Center (CTRC) with IL-2.
Intervention: The investigators propose to subcutaneously administer 0.5 Million Units (MU)/m2 of IL-2 daily to WAS subjects for 5 days. Research treatment will be repeated 2 and 4 months later. Inter-patient dose escalation will be employed to 1 MU/m2 and/or 2 MU/m2 based on safety as the primary endpoint.
Study Measures: The investigators will observe safety and tolerability measures and perform assays on subject blood samples prior to and after research treatment to observe improvement in NK cell function.
Read the detailed description
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a fatal genetic disease of the immune system that results from a mutation of the WAS protein (WASp) gene. Immune cells that carry this mutation have a decreased ability to reorganize filamentous actin (F-actin) after activation. As a result there are a number of defective immunologic functions, some of which result in deficient host defense. The investigators have identified a pervasive deficit in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in WAS patients. WAS patients suffer from conditions that are hallmarks of NK cell deficiencies. These include severe herpesvirus infections and B cell malignancies. Our lab and others have also found that exposure of WAS subject NK cells to IL-2 in vitro restores NK cell function and allows for normal F-actin reorganization. Thus, the investigators propose a proof of principal clinical trial to treat WAS subjects with IL-2 to determine safety and efficacy of IL-2 in this population and if NK cell function is restored ex vivo. If IL-2 can circumvent a defective WASp to restore NK cell function, the investigators will propose a larger NIH funded efficacy trial of IL-2 in WAS. The investigators will also use the in vivo treatment of WAS subjects to forward our mechanistic studies of how IL-2 may facilitate F-actin reorganization in the absence of WASp function.
- Being tested
- Interleukin-2
- Keywords
- Primary Immunodeficiency
- Medical subject headings
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Thrombocytopenia 1, Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Interleukin-2Drug
Also called IL-2, Aldesleukin, Proleukin
We propose to subcutaneously administer 0.5 MU/m2 of IL-2 daily to WAS subjects for 5 days. Research treatment will be repeated 2 and 4 months later. Inter-patient dose escalation will be employed to 1 MU/m2 and/or 2 MU/m2 based on safety as the primary endpoint.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-2 | Experimental | We propose to subcutaneously administer 0.5 MU/m2 of IL-2 daily to WAS subjects for 5 days. Research treatment will be repeated 2 and 4 months later. Inter-patient dose escalation will be employed to 1 MU/m2 and/or 2 MU/m2 based on safety as the primary endpoint. Receives: Drug: Interleukin-2 |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Safety and Tolerability
Measured: 1 year
Secondary outcomes (6)
Evaluate effects on cytoskeletal dynamics
Measured: 1 year
Requirement for treatment dose antibiotics
Measured: 1 year
Number and severity of infections
Measured: 1 year
Eczema
Measured: 1 year
Food allergies
Measured: 1 year
NK cell cytotoxicity
Measured: 1 year
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 Oct 2008 (estimated)
- Study startOct 2008
- Primary completionSep 2016
- Study completionSep 2016
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 9 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Soma Jyonouchi
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Soma Jyonouchi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Investigators
- Soma Jyonouchi, MD, Principal investigator, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00774358
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2007-6-5354
- Other IDs
- 1R01FD004091-01A1
- Acronym
- WAS
- Status last verified
- Sep 2016
- First submitted
- 16 Oct 2008
- Last updated
- 16 Aug 2017
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Azuma H, Sakata H, Saijyou M, Okuno A. Effect of interleukin 2 on intractable herpes virus infection and chronic eczematoid dermatitis in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Dec;152(12):998-1000. doi: 10.1007/BF01957224.
PubMed 8131820Pahwa R, Chatila T, Pahwa S, Paradise C, Day NK, Geha R, Schwartz SA, Slade H, Oyaizu N, Good RA. Recombinant interleukin 2 therapy in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):5069-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5069.
PubMed 2787027Piscitelli SC, Wells MJ, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Stevens R, Davey RT Jr. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous interleukin-2 in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5):754-9.
PubMed 8888071Witzke O, Winterhagen T, Reinhardt W, Heemann U, Grosse-Wilde H, Kreuzfelder E, Roggendorf M, Philipp T. Comparison between subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 treatment in HIV disease. J Intern Med. 1998 Sep;244(3):235-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00365.x.
PubMed 9747746Toren A, Nagler A, Rozenfeld-Granot G, Levanon M, Davidson J, Bielorai B, Kaplinsky C, Meitar D, Mandel M, Ackerstein A, Ballin A, Attias D, Biniaminov M, Rosenthal E, Brok-Simoni F, Rechavi G, Kaufmann Y. Amplification of immunological functions by subcutaneous injection of intermediate-high dose interleukin-2 for 2 years after autologous stem cell transplantation in children with stage IV neuroblastoma. Transplantation. 2000 Oct 15;70(7):1100-4. doi: 10.1097/00007890-200010150-00019.
PubMed 11045650Sundin DJ, Wolin MJ. Toxicity management in patients receiving low-dose aldesleukin therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 Dec;32(12):1344-52. doi: 10.1345/aph.18019.
PubMed 9876817Starr SE, McFarland EJ, Muresan P, Fenton T, Pitt J, Douglas SD, Deveikis A, Levin MJ, Rathore MH; PACTG 299 Study Team. Phase I/II trial of intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 in HIV-infected children. AIDS. 2003 Oct 17;17(15):2181-9. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200310170-00006.
PubMed 14523275Gismondi A, Cifaldi L, Mazza C, Giliani S, Parolini S, Morrone S, Jacobelli J, Bandiera E, Notarangelo L, Santoni A. Impaired natural and CD16-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in patients with WAS and XLT: ability of IL-2 to correct NK cell functional defect. Blood. 2004 Jul 15;104(2):436-43. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2621. Epub 2004 Mar 4.
PubMed 15001467Orange JS, Brodeur SR, Jain A, Bonilla FA, Schneider LC, Kretschmer R, Nurko S, Rasmussen WL, Kohler JR, Gellis SE, Ferguson BM, Strominger JL, Zonana J, Ramesh N, Ballas ZK, Geha RS. Deficient natural killer cell cytotoxicity in patients with IKK-gamma/NEMO mutations. J Clin Invest. 2002 Jun;109(11):1501-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI14858.
PubMed 12045264
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Aug 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Reinstituting Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome With IL-2 Therapy
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00774358
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- WAS / 2007-6-5354
- Keywords
- Primary Immunodeficiency
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 9 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Soma JyonouchiUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Study start
- Oct 2008
- Primary completion
- Sep 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- Sep 2016 (actual)
- First posted
- 17 Oct 2008 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Funding Source--FDA OOPD.
Orphan Product Grant Number--1R01FD004091-01A1
Context: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a fatal, devastating disease with ill-defined treatment modalities, which affects young boys. Classic WAS is characterized by a clinical triad of thrombocytopenia, eczema and severe, recurrent infections. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances most WAS patients die at less than 12 years of age due to infections, hemorrhage, malignancy or complications from treatments. WAS patients suffer from herpesvirus infections as a result of poor Natural Killer (NK) cell function (cytotoxicity). In the laboratory, the investigators have seen correction of WAS Natural Killer Cell (NK) function after treatment with Interleukin-2 (IL-2).
Objectives: Initiate a prospective clinical trial by treating WAS subjects with IL-2 and using safety as the primary endpoint. Restoration of NK cell cytotoxicity and effects on cytoskeletal dynamics are secondary endpoints. The investigators will also observe patient clinical status (eczema, infections, use of treatment dose antibiotics, food allergies, etc).
Study Design/Setting/Participants: This is a prospective clinical trial treating 9 WAS subjects in the Clinical Translational Research Center (CTRC) with IL-2.
Intervention: The investigators propose to subcutaneously administer 0.5 Million Units (MU)/m2 of IL-2 daily to WAS subjects for 5 days. Research treatment will be repeated 2 and 4 months later. Inter-patient dose escalation will be employed to 1 MU/m2 and/or 2 MU/m2 based on safety as the primary endpoint.
Study Measures: The investigators will observe safety and tolerability measures and perform assays on subject blood samples prior to and after research treatment to observe improvement in NK cell function.
Detailed description
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a fatal genetic disease of the immune system that results from a mutation of the WAS protein (WASp) gene. Immune cells that carry this mutation have a decreased ability to reorganize filamentous actin (F-actin) after activation. As a result there are a number of defective immunologic functions, some of which result in deficient host defense. The investigators have identified a pervasive deficit in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in WAS patients. WAS patients suffer from conditions that are hallmarks of NK cell deficiencies. These include severe herpesvirus infections and B cell malignancies. Our lab and others have also found that exposure of WAS subject NK cells to IL-2 in vitro restores NK cell function and allows for normal F-actin reorganization. Thus, the investigators propose a proof of principal clinical trial to treat WAS subjects with IL-2 to determine safety and efficacy of IL-2 in this population and if NK cell function is restored ex vivo. If IL-2 can circumvent a defective WASp to restore NK cell function, the investigators will propose a larger NIH funded efficacy trial of IL-2 in WAS. The investigators will also use the in vivo treatment of WAS subjects to forward our mechanistic studies of how IL-2 may facilitate F-actin reorganization in the absence of WASp function.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-2 | Experimental | Drug: Interleukin-2We propose to subcutaneously administer 0.5 MU/m2 of IL-2 daily to WAS subjects for 5 days. Research treatment will be repeated 2 and 4 months later. Inter-patient dose escalation will be employed to 1 MU/m2 and/or 2 MU/m2 based on safety as the primary endpoint. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 24 months and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Age: Subjects age greater than 24 months
- Weight: Subjects greater than 12.5 kilograms
- Disease status: WAS classified as Grade 1-4
- Informed Consent: Written informed consent of the subject (if an adult) or parental permission, and assent of the child subject provided justification is made for the inclusion of children in the study
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Prior or planned hematopoetic transplant
- WAS classified as currently Grade 5 (Malignancy or autoimmune disease including the following: Crohn's disease, scleroderma, thyroiditis, inflammatory arthritis, diabetes mellitus, oculo-bulbar myasthenia gravis, crescentic IgA glomerulonephritis, cholecystitis, cerebral vasculitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and bullous pemphigoid . Not included here are: Hepatitis C virus induced vasculitis, alopecia areata and systemic lupus erythematosus.)
- Known previous reaction to IL-2
- Subjects taking immunosuppressive medications that might alter study results
- Subjects taking nephrotoxic, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, or hepatotoxic medications (including medications for hypertension)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-2Also: IL-2, Aldesleukin, ProleukinWe propose to subcutaneously administer 0.5 MU/m2 of IL-2 daily to WAS subjects for 5 days. Research treatment will be repeated 2 and 4 months later. Inter-patient dose escalation will be employed to 1 MU/m2 and/or 2 MU/m2 based on safety as the primary endpoint. | Drug | Interleukin-2 |
Primary outcome
Safety and Tolerability
Time frame: 1 year
6 secondary outcomes
Evaluate effects on cytoskeletal dynamics
Time frame: 1 year
Requirement for treatment dose antibiotics
Time frame: 1 year
Number and severity of infections
Time frame: 1 year
Eczema
Time frame: 1 year
Food allergies
Time frame: 1 year
NK cell cytotoxicity
Time frame: 1 year
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Aug 2017.
- Background: PubMed 8131820Azuma H, Sakata H, Saijyou M, Okuno A. Effect of interleukin 2 on intractable herpes virus infection and chronic eczematoid dermatitis in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Dec;152(12):998-1000. doi: 10.1007/BF01957224.
- Background: PubMed 2787027Pahwa R, Chatila T, Pahwa S, Paradise C, Day NK, Geha R, Schwartz SA, Slade H, Oyaizu N, Good RA. Recombinant interleukin 2 therapy in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):5069-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5069.
- Background: PubMed 8888071Piscitelli SC, Wells MJ, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Stevens R, Davey RT Jr. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous interleukin-2 in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5):754-9.
- Background: PubMed 9747746Witzke O, Winterhagen T, Reinhardt W, Heemann U, Grosse-Wilde H, Kreuzfelder E, Roggendorf M, Philipp T. Comparison between subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 treatment in HIV disease. J Intern Med. 1998 Sep;244(3):235-40. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00365.x.
- Background: PubMed 11045650Toren A, Nagler A, Rozenfeld-Granot G, Levanon M, Davidson J, Bielorai B, Kaplinsky C, Meitar D, Mandel M, Ackerstein A, Ballin A, Attias D, Biniaminov M, Rosenthal E, Brok-Simoni F, Rechavi G, Kaufmann Y. Amplification of immunological functions by subcutaneous injection of intermediate-high dose interleukin-2 for 2 years after autologous stem cell transplantation in children with stage IV neuroblastoma. Transplantation. 2000 Oct 15;70(7):1100-4. doi: 10.1097/00007890-200010150-00019.
- Background: PubMed 9876817Sundin DJ, Wolin MJ. Toxicity management in patients receiving low-dose aldesleukin therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 Dec;32(12):1344-52. doi: 10.1345/aph.18019.
- Background: PubMed 14523275Starr SE, McFarland EJ, Muresan P, Fenton T, Pitt J, Douglas SD, Deveikis A, Levin MJ, Rathore MH; PACTG 299 Study Team. Phase I/II trial of intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 in HIV-infected children. AIDS. 2003 Oct 17;17(15):2181-9. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200310170-00006.
- Background: PubMed 15001467Gismondi A, Cifaldi L, Mazza C, Giliani S, Parolini S, Morrone S, Jacobelli J, Bandiera E, Notarangelo L, Santoni A. Impaired natural and CD16-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in patients with WAS and XLT: ability of IL-2 to correct NK cell functional defect. Blood. 2004 Jul 15;104(2):436-43. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2621. Epub 2004 Mar 4.
- Background: PubMed 12045264Orange JS, Brodeur SR, Jain A, Bonilla FA, Schneider LC, Kretschmer R, Nurko S, Rasmussen WL, Kohler JR, Gellis SE, Ferguson BM, Strominger JL, Zonana J, Ramesh N, Ballas ZK, Geha RS. Deficient natural killer cell cytotoxicity in patients with IKK-gamma/NEMO mutations. J Clin Invest. 2002 Jun;109(11):1501-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI14858.
- Please see Study Description at www.wastherapy.comLink provided by the sponsor.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Soma Jyonouchi, MD principal investigator
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
3 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1 study testing Interleukin-2 in people with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) and X-linked Thrombocytopenia, run by Soma Jyonouchi at 3 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Aug 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 3 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Safety and Tolerability (time frame: 1 year). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT00774358, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Aug 2017.