AsthmaPhase 1NCT00638989
A Study to Assess Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of CAT- 354
A Phase 1 study testing CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous), CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) and CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous) in people with Asthma and Healthy, run by MedImmune LLC at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
To compare bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 following subcutaneous administration compared with intravenous administration. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 19 to 55 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- What is being tested?
- CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous), CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) and CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous)
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 11 Apr 2008to 7 Jun 2008
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 19 to 55 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Signed and dated written informed consent is obtained prior to any study related procedure taking place
- Males, aged 19-55 years
- No significant abnormality on clinical examination or medical history (excluding atopic skin signs, symptoms and history)
- A normal 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) (no clinically significant abnormalities)
- Clinical chemistry, hematology and urinalysis results within the laboratory reference ranges or deemed not clinically significant by the Investigator
- A negative screen for drugs of abuse and alcohol
Show all 9Show fewer
- Body mass index (BMI) between 18-30 kilogram per square meter (kg/m^2), inclusive
- No other clinically significant abnormality on history and clinical examination
- Able to comply with the requirements of the protocol.
Who cannot join
- Any active concomitant disease including psychological disorders
- History of medication that might carry over effects into study
- Previously received monoclonal antibody, or a similar related protein, that might sensitize subjects to CAT-354
- Participation in another investigational medicinal product study within 3 months of the start of this study or 5 half-lives of the previously administered investigational medicinal product (IMP), whichever is the longer except methodological studies in which no IMP was given
- Any acute illness in the 2 weeks before Day 0 (Visit 2)
- Any blood donation or significant loss of blood within 56 days of study initiation or plasma donation within 7 days of study initiation
Show all 11Show fewer
- Subject is a participating Investigator, sub-Investigator, study coordinator, or employee of a participating Investigator, or is a first degree relative of the aforementioned
- Any factor which, in the opinion of the Investigator, would jeopardize the evaluation or safety or be associated with poor adherence to the protocol
- The subject's primary care physician recommends the subject should not take part in the study
- Subjects with immunodeficiency disorders
- Subjects who have a positive test for, or have been treated for hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
MDS Pharma Services (US) Inc.
Lincoln, Nebraska, 68502
About this study
Official title: An Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Bioavailability Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 Following Subcutaneous and Intravenous Administration
To compare bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 following subcutaneous administration compared with intravenous administration.
Read the detailed description
To compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 following subcutaneous administration of 150 milligram (mg) and 300 mg compared with 150 mg given intravenously.
- Being tested
- CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous), CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous), CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous)
- Keywords
- Asthma, CAT-354, Tralokinumab, Healthy
- Medical subject headings
- Asthma
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous)Biological
Also called Tralokinumab
A single dose of CAT-354 150 milligram (mg) intravenous infusion over 30 minutes on Day 0.
CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous)Biological
Also called Tralokinumab
A single dose of CAT-354 150 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0.
CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous)Biological
Also called Tralokinumab
A single dose of CAT-354 300 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous) | Experimental | A single dose of CAT-354 150 milligram (mg) intravenous infusion over 30 minutes on Day 0. Receives: Biological: CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous) |
| CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) | Experimental | A single dose of CAT-354 150 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0. Receives: Biological: CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) |
| CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous) | Experimental | A single dose of CAT-354 300 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0. Receives: Biological: CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Absolute Bioavailability of CAT-354 After Subcutaneous Dose
Bioavailability (F) is a measurement of the rate and extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation. Absolute bioavailability of the subcutaneous doses was assessed by the geometric least-square means ratios of subcutaneous to intravenous dose-normalized area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC [0 - infinity]/Dose). AUC (0 - infinity) = Area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) from time zero (predose) to extrapolated infinite time (0 - infinity). It is obtained from AUC (0 - t) plus AUC (t - infinity).
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Secondary outcomes (12)
Number of Participants Reporting Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (TESAEs)
An adverse event (AE) was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. A serious adverse event (SAE) was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. Treatment-emergent are events between administration of study drug and up to Day 56 that were absent before treatment or that worsened relative to pre-treatment state.
Measured: Day 0 to 56
Number of Participants Exhibiting Anti-Drug Antibodies for CAT-354 at Any Visit
Measured: Day 0 and Day 56
Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Zero to Infinity (AUC [0 - Infinity])
AUC (0 - infinity) = Area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) from time zero (predose) to extrapolated infinite time (0 - infinity). It is obtained from AUC (0 - t) plus AUC (t - infinity).
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Area Under the Serum Concentration Time Curve From Time Zero to Last Measurable Concentration (AUC[0 - 56])
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Dose Normalized Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Zero to Infinity ([AUC {0 - Infinity}]/Dose)
AUC (0 - infinity) = Area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) from time zero (predose) to extrapolated infinite time (0 - infinity). It is obtained from AUC (0 - t) plus AUC (t - infinity). (AUC [0 - infinity]) was normalized by CAT-354 dose.
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Maximum Observed Serum Concentration (Cmax)
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Dose Normalized Maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax/Dose)
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Time to Reach Maximum Observed Serum Concentration (Tmax)
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Terminal Phase Elimination Half Life (t1/2)
Terminal phase elimination half-life is the time measured for the serum concentration to decrease by one half.
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Apparent Systemic Clearance (CL/F) After Subcutaneous Dose
Clearance of a drug is a measure of the rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes. Clearance obtained after subcutaneous dose (apparent systemic clearance) is influenced by the fraction of the dose absorbed (bioavailability).
Measured: Predose, 30 minutes, at 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Apparent Systemic Clearance (CL/F) After Intravenous Dose
Clearance of a drug is a measure of the rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes.
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) After Intravenous Infusion
Volume of distribution was defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired serum concentration of a drug. Volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) after intravenous dosing was estimated by the formula Vss=MRT(Infinity)*CL, where MRT(Infinity)= AUCM(Infinity)/AUC(0 - infinity) where MRT(Infinity) = mean residence time at infinity, CL= clearance, AUCM[Infinity] = area under the moment curve, and AUC (0 - infinity) = area under the serum concentration versus time curve from time zero (predose) to extrapolated infinite time (0 - infinity).
Measured: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, at 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Mar 2008 (estimated)
- Study start11 Apr 2008
- Primary completion7 Jun 2008
- Study completion7 Jun 2008
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for AsthmaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- MedImmune LLC
- Sponsor type
- Industry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- MedImmune LLC, Study director, MedImmune LLC
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00638989
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- CAT-354-0703
- Status last verified
- Mar 2017
- First submitted
- 12 Mar 2008
- Last updated
- 4 May 2017
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Oh CK, Faggioni R, Jin F, Roskos LK, Wang B, Birrell C, Wilson R, Molfino NA. An open-label, single-dose bioavailability study of the pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 after subcutaneous and intravenous administration in healthy males. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;69(6):645-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03647.x.
PubMed 20565456
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 May 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- An Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Bioavailability Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 Following Subcutaneous and Intravenous Administration
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00638989
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- CAT-354-0703
- Keywords
- Asthma, CAT-354, Tralokinumab, Healthy
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- MedImmune LLCIndustry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Study start
- 11 Apr 2008 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 7 Jun 2008 (actual)
- Study completion
- 7 Jun 2008 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Mar 2008 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 4 May 2017
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
To compare bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 following subcutaneous administration compared with intravenous administration.
Detailed description
To compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 following subcutaneous administration of 150 milligram (mg) and 300 mg compared with 150 mg given intravenously.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous) | Experimental | Biological: CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous)A single dose of CAT-354 150 milligram (mg) intravenous infusion over 30 minutes on Day 0. |
| CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) | Experimental | Biological: CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous)A single dose of CAT-354 150 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0. |
| CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous) | Experimental | Biological: CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous)A single dose of CAT-354 300 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 19 to 55 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Signed and dated written informed consent is obtained prior to any study related procedure taking place
- Males, aged 19-55 years
- No significant abnormality on clinical examination or medical history (excluding atopic skin signs, symptoms and history)
- A normal 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) (no clinically significant abnormalities)
- Clinical chemistry, hematology and urinalysis results within the laboratory reference ranges or deemed not clinically significant by the Investigator
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Any active concomitant disease including psychological disorders
- History of medication that might carry over effects into study
- Previously received monoclonal antibody, or a similar related protein, that might sensitize subjects to CAT-354
- Participation in another investigational medicinal product study within 3 months of the start of this study or 5 half-lives of the previously administered investigational medicinal product (IMP), whichever is the longer except methodological studies in which no IMP was given
- Any acute illness in the 2 weeks before Day 0 (Visit 2)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous)Also: TralokinumabA single dose of CAT-354 150 milligram (mg) intravenous infusion over 30 minutes on Day 0. | Biological | CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous) |
| CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous)Also: TralokinumabA single dose of CAT-354 150 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0. | Biological | CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) |
| CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous)Also: TralokinumabA single dose of CAT-354 300 mg injection subcutaneously on Day 0. | Biological | CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous) |
Primary outcome
Absolute Bioavailability of CAT-354 After Subcutaneous Dose
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Bioavailability (F) is a measurement of the rate and extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation. Absolute bioavailability of the subcutaneous doses was assessed by the geometric least-square means ratios of subcutaneous to intravenous dose-normalized area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC [0 - infinity]/Dose). AUC (0 - infinity) = Area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) from time zero (predose) to extrapolated infinite time (0 - infinity). It is obtained from AUC (0 - t) plus AUC (t - infinity).
12 secondary outcomes
Number of Participants Reporting Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (TESAEs)
Time frame: Day 0 to 56
Number of Participants Exhibiting Anti-Drug Antibodies for CAT-354 at Any Visit
Time frame: Day 0 and Day 56
Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Zero to Infinity (AUC [0 - Infinity])
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Area Under the Serum Concentration Time Curve From Time Zero to Last Measurable Concentration (AUC[0 - 56])
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Dose Normalized Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Zero to Infinity ([AUC {0 - Infinity}]/Dose)
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Maximum Observed Serum Concentration (Cmax)
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Dose Normalized Maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax/Dose)
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Time to Reach Maximum Observed Serum Concentration (Tmax)
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Terminal Phase Elimination Half Life (t1/2)
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Apparent Systemic Clearance (CL/F) After Subcutaneous Dose
Time frame: Predose, 30 minutes, at 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Apparent Systemic Clearance (CL/F) After Intravenous Dose
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) After Intravenous Infusion
Time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, at 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 May 2017.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 20565456Oh CK, Faggioni R, Jin F, Roskos LK, Wang B, Birrell C, Wilson R, Molfino NA. An open-label, single-dose bioavailability study of the pharmacokinetics of CAT-354 after subcutaneous and intravenous administration in healthy males. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;69(6):645-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03647.x.
Related trials for Asthma
RecruitingPhase 1
Pilot Study to Identify the Mediators and Inflammatory Cell Surface Receptors Involved in Allergic Airway Inflammation
Asthma
RecruitingPhase 1
A Study to Compare the Relative Potency of Salbutamol Administered Via Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) Containing Propellants HFA-152a to HFA-134a in Mild Asthmatics Aged 18 to 65 Inclusive
Asthma, Mild Asthma
RecruitingPhase 3
A Study Assessing the Effect of Dupilumab on Inducing Clinical Remission in Asthma
Asthma Control
Active, not recruitingPhase 2/3
Local Antibiotic Delivery for Community Acquired Pneumonia
Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
RecruitingPhase 2
A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-07275315 in People With Moderate-To-Severe Asthma
Asthma
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
MedImmune LLC study director
MedImmune LLC
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1 study testing CAT-354 150 mg (intravenous), CAT-354 150 mg (subcutaneous) and CAT-354 300 mg (subcutaneous) in people with Asthma and Healthy, run by MedImmune LLC at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 May 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 4 May 2017). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Absolute Bioavailability of CAT-354 After Subcutaneous Dose (time frame: Predose, end of infusion, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours post-end of infusion/post-injection on Day 0; Day 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT00638989, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 May 2017.