Chronic Granulomatous DiseasePhase 1/2NCT00325078
Infliximab to Treat Crohn'S-like Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
A Phase 1/2 study testing Infliximab in people with Chronic Granulomatous Disease and Crohn'S-like IBD, run by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study will determine if the drug infliximab is safe for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). IBD is an inflammation or irritation of the gut that leads to symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating and stomach cramps. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 10 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Crohn'S-like IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- What is being tested?
- Infliximab
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 40 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- May 2006to Jun 2012
- Phase
- Phase 1/2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 10 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Group One
- Must have a confirmed CGD diagnosis
- Must have IBD documented by medical history or documented IBD endoscopically.
- Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding
- Must have a home physician
- Must be willing to submit samples for storage.
Show all 21Show fewer
- Group Two:
- Must have a confirmed CGD diagnosis
- Must have IBD documented by medical history or documented IBD endoscopically.
- Must be symptomatic
- Must have negative results on stool examination for culture of enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, E. coli O157/H7, Clostridium difficile toxin assay, enteric parasites and their ova such as Cryptosporidia, Cyclospora, Microsporidia and Giardia (by stool enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) prior to the start of receiving TNF? inhibitors.
- Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding
- If of childbearing potential, one must agree to consistently use contraception, while on the study medication.
- Must have a recent chest CT (within 3 months) to confirm absence of tuberculosis (TB) infection
- Must have a home physician
- Must be willing to submit samples for storage.
- Group Three:
- Must be willing to undergo upper and lower endoscopy and mucosal biopsies for research purpose
- Must be greater than or equal to 18 years old and weigh greater than or equal to 15 kg.
- Must not be pregnant
- Must be willing to submit samples for storage.
Who cannot join
- Group One:
- Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, places the patient at undue risk by participating in the study.
- Group Two:
- Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, places the patient at undue risk by participating in the study
- Positive TB diagnosis
- Patients who are in the at-risk group for treatment such as history of tuberculosis, congestive cardiac failure or myocardial infarction within the last 12 months unstable angina, thrombocytopenia (platelet < 100, 000), uncontrolled hypertension
Show all 21Show fewer
- Acute systemic or intestinal infection(s)
- Evidence of Hepatitis B or C infection
- Signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
- History of cancer within the last 10 years
- The presence of certain types of acquired abnormalities of immunity such as HIV, cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignancy could be grounds for possible exclusion if, in the opinion of the investigator, the presence of such disease process interferes with evaluation of a co-existing abnormality of immunity that is a subject of study under this protocol.
- Co-existing Th2-type inflammatory disease
- Current active bowel obstruction, intestinal perforation, or significant GI hemorrhage.
- Live vaccine within 4 weeks prior to therapy or potential need for a live vaccine during the study.
- Unwillingness to undergo testing or procedures associated with this protocol.
- Group Three:
- Acute systemic or intestinal infection requiring antibiotics
- Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, places the patient at undue risk by participating in the study
- The presence of certain types of acquired abnormalities of immunity such as HIV, cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignancy could be grounds for possible exclusion if, in the opinion of the investigator, the presence of such disease process interferes with evaluation of a co-existing abnormality of immunity that is a subject of study under this protocol.
- Unwillingness to undergo testing or procedures associated with this protocol.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
About this study
Official title: Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor (Lnfliximab, Adalimumab) Treatment for Crohn'S-like Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Phase I/II Study Assessing Clinical and Immune Responses to Treatment and Genetic Influences
This study will determine if the drug infliximab is safe for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). IBD is an inflammation or irritation of the gut that leads to symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating and stomach cramps. CGD is an inherited disease affecting white blood cells called neutrophils in which patients are susceptible to repeated bacterial and fungal infections. They also have a higher incidence of some autoimmune diseases, such as IBD. Infliximab is approved to treat Crohn's disease, an IBD similar to that seen in patients with CGD.
Patients 10 years of age and older with CGD and IBD may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a medical history, physical examination, blood and urine tests, electrocardiogram (EKG), tuberculosis skin test (PPD skin testing), and stool test for the presence of infections. Additional tests may be done, including colonoscopy (procedure using a flexible tube through the rectum to examine the lining of the gut) and imaging studies such as an x-ray, chest CT scan (test using a special x-ray machine), MRI (test using a magnetic field and radio waves), and barium studies (study using a drinkable solution of barium to help enhance the x-ray pictures of the gut).
Read more
Participants are divided into patients with IBD symptoms (Group 1) and patients without IBD symptoms (Group 2) for the following procedures:
Group 1
Patients are evaluated every 6 months with a medical history and physical examination for signs and symptoms of IBD. Patients who are taking moderate to high doses of steroid medications have their medication slowly lowered (tapered) and are evaluated every 3 months for a total of 2 years. Patients in this group who start to develop IBD symptoms are moved to Group 2 for treatment with infliximab (see below).
Group 2
Patients in Group 2 receive infliximab infusions at 2-week intervals for three doses. The drug is given over a 2-hour period through a catheter placed in a vein. Patients are evaluated with a medical history, physical exam, and blood tests the day of each dose. One week after the last dose, they have another evaluation, including a colonoscopy. Patients who respond well to infliximab may continue to receive the drug every 2 months for a total of 1 year, with evaluations at every dosing visit. At the end of the first year of receiving infliximab, all patients have follow-up evaluations every 6 months for a total of 2 years.
Group 3
Subjects who volunteer to undergo colonoscopy and research biopsies that serve as controls for evaluation of the patient gut samples.
Read the detailed description
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is an inherited immune disorder involving decreased phagocytic superoxide oxygen radical production, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, there is a predominance of immune-related inflammatory problems in a subset of CGD patients, such as the inflammatory bowel disease (CGD-IBD). CGD-IBD is often complicated by obstruction, strictures, fissures, fistulae, and extra-intestinal problems. In fact, it is clinically and histologically indistinguishable from Crohn's Disease (CD), another inflammatory bowel disease that affects the general population. Crohn's disease (CD) is a prototypic T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immune disease. Since CGD-IBD bears such close resemblance to CD, it is possible that CGD-IBD is also immune-based. Furthermore, mice studies also support a primarily immune basis for CGD-IBD. However, currently there is little data on this Crohn's-like CGD-IBD in human patients. Treatment for the Crohn's-like CGD-IBD has been primarily oral or topical corticosteroids. Antibiotics have been ineffective and stool cultures typically do not identify clear pathogens. Many patients with the Crohn's-like CGD-IBD disease remain steroid-dependent, thus new therapeutic regimens are needed.
This is a Phase I/II study that will evaluate the safety and efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor (Infliximab or Adalimumab) in CGD patients with symptomatic Crohn's-like IBD. Infliximab and Adalimumab are standard-of-care treatments for moderate to severe CD, with extensive experience using these agents being well documented in terms of safety and efficacy. Preliminary reports from ongoing studies of CD at NIH are encouraging in inducing remission. We will also evaluate changes in immunophenotype and cytokine profiles of peripheral blood and colonic lamina propria lymphocytes following treatment. In addition, we will evaluate the immunophenotype and cytokine profile of blood and mucosal cells in CGD patients, with or without IBD, to determine the CGD-specific cytokine profile. Specific cytokine profiles have been observed in different genetic immunodeficiencies, despite similar IBD clinical manifestation.
Documentation of clinical status will be performed using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Potential effects of genetic variation (including CGD mutation type) on the expression of IBD in patients with CGD, and their responses to treatment will also be assessed. The long-term goal of this study is to establish better or alternative treatment modalities with low risk profiles for CGD patients with Crohn's-like IBD.
- Being tested
- Infliximab
- Keywords
- Remicade, Crohn's Disease, IBD, CGD Infection, Infliximab, Chorionic Granulomatous Disease, CGD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Medical subject headings
- Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Crohn Disease
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
InfliximabDrug
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Experimental | Study drug (TNFa inhibitor-infliximab or adalimumab) treated group. Receives: Drug: Infliximab |
| Observation | No intervention | Subjects with IBD without TNFa inhibitor treatment |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Safety of Study Drug
Number of Infections from Baseline to 1 year
Measured: Baseline to 1 year
Efficacy of Treatment With Study Drug
Measured participant Crohn's disease Activity Index (CDAI) values. The CDAI is a tool comprised of clinical and laboratory factors such as stool frequency, consistency, abdominal pain, general well being, weight and blood profile as an objective measure of disease activity. A higher score corresponds to greater severity of inflammatory bowel disease; severe disease conventionally defined as >450, a remission as <150, and a response to treatment as a fall of CDAI of >70 points. Infections and IBD are not expected in healthy control subjects. The greater the score, the more severe the disease, and a score of less than 5 represents clinical remission.
Measured: Baseline, 1 year
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 May 2006 (estimated)
- Study startMay 2006
- Primary completionJun 2012
- Study completionJun 2012
Why it stopped: Insufficient patient participation
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Chronic Granulomatous DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)The sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1/2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Sponsor type
- US National Institutes of Health
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Suk S De Ravin, M.D., Principal investigator, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00325078
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 060160
- Other IDs
- 06-I-0160
- Status last verified
- Nov 2015
- First submitted
- 11 May 2006
- Last updated
- 29 Dec 2015
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Vignais PV. The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase: structural aspects and activation mechanism. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Sep;59(9):1428-59. doi: 10.1007/s00018-002-8520-9.
PubMed 12440767Segal BH, Leto TL, Gallin JI, Malech HL, Holland SM. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical features of chronic granulomatous disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000 May;79(3):170-200. doi: 10.1097/00005792-200005000-00004.
PubMed 10844936Winkelstein JA, Marino MC, Johnston RB Jr, Boyle J, Curnutte J, Gallin JI, Malech HL, Holland SM, Ochs H, Quie P, Buckley RH, Foster CB, Chanock SJ, Dickler H. Chronic granulomatous disease. Report on a national registry of 368 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000 May;79(3):155-69. doi: 10.1097/00005792-200005000-00003.
PubMed 10844935Buckner CM, Moir S, Kardava L, Ho J, Santich BH, Kim LJ, Funk EK, Nelson AK, Winckler B, Chairez CL, Theobald-Whiting NL, Anaya-O'Brien S, Alimchandani M, Quezado MM, Yao MD, Kovacs JA, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Malech HL, De Ravin SS. CXCR4/IgG-expressing plasma cells are associated with human gastrointestinal tissue inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Jun;133(6):1676-85.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.050. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
PubMed 24373354
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 Dec 2015. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor (Lnfliximab, Adalimumab) Treatment for Crohn'S-like Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Phase I/II Study Assessing Clinical and Immune Responses to Treatment and Genetic Influences
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00325078
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 060160
- Keywords
- Remicade, Crohn's Disease, IBD, CGD Infection, Infliximab, Chorionic Granulomatous Disease, CGD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Phase
- Phase 1/2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- TerminatedReason stopped: Insufficient patient participation
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)US National Institutes of Health
- Study start
- May 2006
- Primary completion
- Jun 2012 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jun 2012 (actual)
- First posted
- 12 May 2006 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 29 Dec 2015
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will determine if the drug infliximab is safe for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). IBD is an inflammation or irritation of the gut that leads to symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating and stomach cramps. CGD is an inherited disease affecting white blood cells called neutrophils in which patients are susceptible to repeated bacterial and fungal infections. They also have a higher incidence of some autoimmune diseases, such as IBD. Infliximab is approved to treat Crohn's disease, an IBD similar to that seen in patients with CGD.
Patients 10 years of age and older with CGD and IBD may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a medical history, physical examination, blood and urine tests, electrocardiogram (EKG), tuberculosis skin test (PPD skin testing), and stool test for the presence of infections. Additional tests may be done, including colonoscopy (procedure using a flexible tube through the rectum to examine the lining of the gut) and imaging studies such as an x-ray, chest CT scan (test using a special x-ray machine), MRI (test using a magnetic field and radio waves), and barium studies (study using a drinkable solution of barium to help enhance the x-ray pictures of the gut).
Participants are divided into patients with IBD symptoms (Group 1) and patients without IBD symptoms (Group 2) for the following procedures:
Group 1
Patients are evaluated every 6 months with a medical history and physical examination for signs and symptoms of IBD. Patients who are taking moderate to high doses of steroid medications have their medication slowly lowered (tapered) and are evaluated every 3 months for a total of 2 years. Patients in this group who start to develop IBD symptoms are moved to Group 2 for treatment with infliximab (see below).
Group 2
Patients in Group 2 receive infliximab infusions at 2-week intervals for three doses. The drug is given over a 2-hour period through a catheter placed in a vein. Patients are evaluated with a medical history, physical exam, and blood tests the day of each dose. One week after the last dose, they have another evaluation, including a colonoscopy. Patients who respond well to infliximab may continue to receive the drug every 2 months for a total of 1 year, with evaluations at every dosing visit. At the end of the first year of receiving infliximab, all patients have follow-up evaluations every 6 months for a total of 2 years.
Group 3
Subjects who volunteer to undergo colonoscopy and research biopsies that serve as controls for evaluation of the patient gut samples.
Detailed description
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is an inherited immune disorder involving decreased phagocytic superoxide oxygen radical production, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, there is a predominance of immune-related inflammatory problems in a subset of CGD patients, such as the inflammatory bowel disease (CGD-IBD). CGD-IBD is often complicated by obstruction, strictures, fissures, fistulae, and extra-intestinal problems. In fact, it is clinically and histologically indistinguishable from Crohn's Disease (CD), another inflammatory bowel disease that affects the general population. Crohn's disease (CD) is a prototypic T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immune disease. Since CGD-IBD bears such close resemblance to CD, it is possible that CGD-IBD is also immune-based. Furthermore, mice studies also support a primarily immune basis for CGD-IBD. However, currently there is little data on this Crohn's-like CGD-IBD in human patients. Treatment for the Crohn's-like CGD-IBD has been primarily oral or topical corticosteroids. Antibiotics have been ineffective and stool cultures typically do not identify clear pathogens. Many patients with the Crohn's-like CGD-IBD disease remain steroid-dependent, thus new therapeutic regimens are needed.
This is a Phase I/II study that will evaluate the safety and efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor (Infliximab or Adalimumab) in CGD patients with symptomatic Crohn's-like IBD. Infliximab and Adalimumab are standard-of-care treatments for moderate to severe CD, with extensive experience using these agents being well documented in terms of safety and efficacy. Preliminary reports from ongoing studies of CD at NIH are encouraging in inducing remission. We will also evaluate changes in immunophenotype and cytokine profiles of peripheral blood and colonic lamina propria lymphocytes following treatment. In addition, we will evaluate the immunophenotype and cytokine profile of blood and mucosal cells in CGD patients, with or without IBD, to determine the CGD-specific cytokine profile. Specific cytokine profiles have been observed in different genetic immunodeficiencies, despite similar IBD clinical manifestation.
Documentation of clinical status will be performed using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Potential effects of genetic variation (including CGD mutation type) on the expression of IBD in patients with CGD, and their responses to treatment will also be assessed. The long-term goal of this study is to establish better or alternative treatment modalities with low risk profiles for CGD patients with Crohn's-like IBD.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Experimental | Drug: InfliximabStudy drug (TNFa inhibitor-infliximab or adalimumab) treated group. |
| Observation | No intervention | –Subjects with IBD without TNFa inhibitor treatment |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 10 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (21 listed)
- Group One
- Must have a confirmed CGD diagnosis
- Must have IBD documented by medical history or documented IBD endoscopically.
- Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding
- Must have a home physician
Key exclusion criteria (21 listed)
- Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, places the patient at undue risk by participating in the study.
- Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, places the patient at undue risk by participating in the study
- Positive TB diagnosis
- Patients who are in the at-risk group for treatment such as history of tuberculosis, congestive cardiac failure or myocardial infarction within the last 12 months unstable angina, thrombocytopenia (platelet < 100, 000), uncontrolled hypertension
- Acute systemic or intestinal infection(s)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Infliximab | Drug | Treatment |
Primary outcome
Safety of Study Drug
Time frame: Baseline to 1 year
Number of Infections from Baseline to 1 year
Efficacy of Treatment With Study Drug
Time frame: Baseline, 1 year
Measured participant Crohn's disease Activity Index (CDAI) values. The CDAI is a tool comprised of clinical and laboratory factors such as stool frequency, consistency, abdominal pain, general well being, weight and blood profile as an objective measure of disease activity. A higher score corresponds to greater severity of inflammatory bowel disease; severe disease conventionally defined as >450, a remission as <150, and a response to treatment as a fall of CDAI of >70 points. Infections and IBD are not expected in healthy control subjects. The greater the score, the more severe the disease, and a score of less than 5 represents clinical remission.
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 Dec 2015.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 12440767Vignais PV. The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase: structural aspects and activation mechanism. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Sep;59(9):1428-59. doi: 10.1007/s00018-002-8520-9.
- Background: PubMed 10844936Segal BH, Leto TL, Gallin JI, Malech HL, Holland SM. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical features of chronic granulomatous disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000 May;79(3):170-200. doi: 10.1097/00005792-200005000-00004.
- Background: PubMed 10844935Winkelstein JA, Marino MC, Johnston RB Jr, Boyle J, Curnutte J, Gallin JI, Malech HL, Holland SM, Ochs H, Quie P, Buckley RH, Foster CB, Chanock SJ, Dickler H. Chronic granulomatous disease. Report on a national registry of 368 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000 May;79(3):155-69. doi: 10.1097/00005792-200005000-00003.
- Background: PubMed 24373354Buckner CM, Moir S, Kardava L, Ho J, Santich BH, Kim LJ, Funk EK, Nelson AK, Winckler B, Chairez CL, Theobald-Whiting NL, Anaya-O'Brien S, Alimchandani M, Quezado MM, Yao MD, Kovacs JA, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Malech HL, De Ravin SS. CXCR4/IgG-expressing plasma cells are associated with human gastrointestinal tissue inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Jun;133(6):1676-85.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.050. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Suk S De Ravin, M.D. principal investigator
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1/2 study testing Infliximab in people with Chronic Granulomatous Disease and Crohn'S-like IBD, run by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 21 inclusion and 21 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: stopped early, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 Dec 2015. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this combined phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 29 Dec 2015). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Safety of Study Drug (time frame: Baseline to 1 year). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT00325078, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 Dec 2015.