Colorectal CancerPhase 3NCT00265850
Cetuximab and/or Bevacizumab Combined With Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
A Phase 3 study testing bevacizumab, cetuximab and FOLFOX or in people with Colorectal Cancer, run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology at 683 sites in 2 countries.
Trial summary
PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial is studying cetuximab and/or bevacizumab when given together with combination chemotherapy to compare how well they work in treating patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Colorectal Cancer
- What is being tested?
- bevacizumab, cetuximab and FOLFOX or
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 2,334 participants
- Where
- 683 sitesin 2 countries
- Study dates
- Nov 2005to Jan 2018
- Phase
- Phase 3
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
- Locally Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
- Eligible patients must have histologically or cytologically documented adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Patients must have either locally advanced (unresectable) or metastatic disease. Patients with resected primary tumors who have documented metastases are eligible. Documentation of residual disease by CT scan or surgeon's notes is required for all patients, and histologic confirmation of metastases is strongly encouraged.
- Patients with a history of colorectal cancer treatment by surgical resection who develop radiological or clinical evidence of metastatic cancer do not require separate histological or cytological confirmation of metastatic disease unless:
- Either an interval of greater than five years has elapsed between the primary surgery and the development of metastatic disease or
- The primary cancer was stage I. Clinicians should consider biopsy of lesions to establish the diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer in each case if there is substantial clinical ambiguity regarding the nature or source of apparent metastases.
- At the time of randomization, the intent of this treatment must be indicated palliative or neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the potential for resection of all sites of metastatic disease.
- Only patients with a wildtype K-ras gene as determined by the laboratory at the SWOG Solid Tumor Repository or by a local CLIA-certified laboratory are eligible. Patients with a mutation in the K-ras gene are ineligible. All patients must have available for analysis of K-ras status at least one H and E slide and one paraffin block of the previously resected primary colorectal tumor and/or a tumor deposit. For patients registered and randomized based on local CLIA-certified laboratory results, SWOG analysis will be confirmatory only.
- Prior Treatment
- No prior systemic treatment for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer is allowed. Prior regional chemotherapy (eg, hepatic arterial infusion) is also not allowed.
- Patients may have received prior adjuvant chemotherapy that included fluorouracil alone or in combination with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin or irinotecan (no more than 6 months); or radiation with radiosensitizing chemotherapy.
- The last course of adjuvant chemotherapy must have concluded > 12 months prior to colorectal cancer recurrence.
- Patients may have received neoadjuvant chemo-radiation with capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil.
- Patients may not have received itraconazole or ketoconazole less than 4 weeks prior to randomization.
- No prior exposure to any tyrosine kinase inhibitors or other agents (including protein products, monoclonal antibodies, antisense, etc.) that target VEGF or EGF receptors is allowed.
- No prior treatment with bevacizumab or cetuximab.
- Patients may not have had prior radiotherapy to greater than 25% of bone marrow. (Standard adjuvant rectal cancer chemoradiation will not exclude patient from protocol entry.) Radiation must have concluded ≥ 4 weeks prior to randomization.
- Patients should have completed any major surgery ≥ 4 weeks from randomization. Patients must have completed any minor surgery ≥ 2 weeks prior to randomization. Patients must have fully recovered from the procedure. (Insertion of a vascular access device is not considered major or minor surgery.)
- No previous or concurrent malignancy is allowed except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, or other cancer for which the patient has been disease-free for five years.
- For patients who are to receive FOLFIRI: No evidence of Gilbert's Syndrome or of homozygosity for the UGT1A1*28 allele.
- Patients with Gilbert's Syndrome may have a greater risk of irinotecan toxicity due to the abnormal glucuronidation of SN-38. Evidence of Gilbert's Syndrome would include a prior finding of an isolated elevation of indirect bilirubin.
- UGT1A1 genotyping is not required on this study. However, patients known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele are not to receive FOLFIRI for this study. Patients with Gilbert's Syndrome or who are found to be homozygous for the UGT1A1 allele who will receive FOLFOX are eligible.
- No sensory peripheral neuropathy of ≥ grade 2 at baseline for patients who are to receive FOLFOX.
- No known central nervous system metastases or carcinomatous meningitis.
- No interstitial pneumonia or extensive and symptomatic interstitial fibrosis of the lung.
- No pleural effusion or ascites that causes ≥ grade 2 dyspnea.
- No predisposing colonic or small bowel disorders in which the symptoms are uncontrolled as indicated by baseline pattern of > 3 watery or soft stools daily in patients without a colostomy or ileostomy. Patients with a colostomy or ileostomy may entered at investigator discretion.
- Patients must not have an uncontrolled seizure disorder, or active neurological disease.
- No current congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association Class II, III or IV)
- Patients with history of hypertension must be well controlled ( < 160/90) on a regimen of anti-hypertensive therapy.
- Patients on full-dose anticoagulation (eg, warfarin) are eligible provided that both of the following criteria are met:
- The patient has an in-range INR (usually between 2 and 3) on a stable dose of oral anticoagulant or be on a stable dose of low molecular weight heparin.
- The patient has no active bleeding or pathological condition that carries a high risk of bleeding (eg, tumor involving major vessels or known varices).
- Patients receiving anti-platelet agents are eligible. In addition, patients who are on daily prophylactic aspirin or anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation are eligible.
- No significant history of bleeding events or GI perforation:
- Patients with a history of significant bleeding episodes (eg, hemoptysis, upper or lower GI bleeding ) within 6 months of randomization are not eligible unless the source of bleeding has been resected.
- Patients with a history of GI perforation within 12 months of randomization are not eligible.
- No arterial thrombotic events within 6 months before randomization, including transient ischemic attack (TIA), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), unstable angina or angina requiring surgical or medical intervention in the past 6 months, or myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with clinically significantly peripheral artery disease (eg, claudication on less than one block) or any other arterial thrombotic event are also ineligible.
- No serious or non-healing wound, ulcer or bone fracture
- Patients with known hypersensitivity to Chinese hamster ovary cell products or to recombinant human or murine antibodies are not eligible.
- Non-pregnant and not nursing:
- Women of child bearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of HCG) within 72 hours prior to randomization.
- DNA alkylating agents are known to be teratogenic, and the effects of irinotecan, oxaliplatin, 5-FU, bevacizumab, and cetuximab on a developing fetus at the recommended therapeutic doses are unknown.
- Women of child-bearing potential include any female who has experienced menarche and who has not undergone surgical sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation or bilateral oophorectomy) or is not postmenopausal.
- Postmenopausal is defined as amenorrhea ≥ 12 consecutive months or women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with documented serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level > 35 mIU/mL.
- Women of child-bearing potential also include women who are using oral, implanted or injectable contraceptive hormones or mechanical products such as an intrauterine device or barrier methods (diaphragm, condoms, spermicides) to prevent pregnancy or practicing abstinence or where partner is sterile (eg, vasectomy), should be considered to be of child bearing potential.
- ECOG Performance Status of 0-1
- Age ≥ 18 years
- Required Initial Laboratory Values:
- Granulocytes ≥ 1500 µL
- Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 grams/dL (patient may be transfused to meet this criterion)
- Platelet count ≥ 100,000/µL
- Creatinine ≤ 1.5 x Upper limits of normal
- Bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dL
- Albumin ≥ 2.5 g/dL
- Urinalysis ≤ 1 + protein*
- *Patients discovered to have ≥ 2+ proteinuria at baseline must undergo a 24-hour urine collection that must demonstrate < 1 g of protein/24 hour or have a UPC < 1.0 to allow participation in the study.
Trial locations and contacts
683 sites in 2 countries.
321 sites in 2 countries
United States300 sites
Kapiolani Medical Center at Pali Momi
‘Aiea, Hawaii, 96701
Rosenfeld Cancer Center at Abington Memorial Hospital
Abington, Pennsylvania, 19001
Hickman Cancer Center at Bixby Medical Center
Adrian, Michigan, 49221
McDowell Cancer Center at Akron General Medical Center
Akron, Ohio, 44307
San Luis Valley Regional Medical Center
Alamosa, Colorado, 81101
Phoebe Cancer Center at Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital
Albany, Georgia, 31701
Tulane Cancer Center Office of Clinical Research
Alexandria, Louisiana, 71315-3198
Study site
Alexandria, Minnesota, 56308
Morgan Cancer Center at Lehigh Valley Hospital - Cedar Crest
Allentown, Pennsylvania, 18105
Harrington Cancer Center
Amarillo, Texas, 79106
American Fork Hospital
American Fork, Utah, 84003
McFarland Clinic, PC
Ames, Iowa, 50010
Island Hospital Cancer Care Center at Island Hospital
Anacortes, Washington, 98221
Alaska Regional Hospital Cancer Center
Anchorage, Alaska, 99508
Providence Cancer Center
Anchorage, Alaska, 99508
AnMed Cancer Center
Anderson, South Carolina, 29621
Saint Joseph Mercy Cancer Center
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48106-0995
CCOP - Michigan Cancer Research Consortium
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48106
DeCesaris Cancer Institute at Anne Arundel Medical Center
Annapolis, Maryland, 21401
Langlade Memorial Hospital
Antigo, Wisconsin, 54409
Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology - East Grant Street
Appleton, Wisconsin, 54911-3496
Randolph Hospital
Asheboro, North Carolina, 27203-5400
Mission Hospitals - Memorial Campus
Asheville, North Carolina, 28801
Northeast Georgia Cancer Care, LLC - Medical Oncology
Athens, Georgia, 30607
Piedmont Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia, 30309
Northside Hospital Cancer Center
Atlanta, Georgia, 30342-1611
Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia, 30342-1701
CCOP - Atlanta Regional
Atlanta, Georgia, 30342
MBCCOP - Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center
Augusta, Georgia, 30912
Aurora Presbyterian Hospital
Aurora, Colorado, 80012
University of Colorado Cancer Center at UC Health Sciences Center
Aurora, Colorado, 80045
Rush-Copley Cancer Care Center
Aurora, Illinois, 60504
WellStar Cobb Hospital
Austell, Georgia, 30106
Seton Shivers Cancer Program at Brackenridge Hospital
Austin, Texas, 78701
Greenebaum Cancer Center at University of Maryland Medical Center
Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
Ochsner Health Center - Bluebonnet
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70809
Battle Creek Health System Cancer Care Center
Battle Creek, Michigan, 49017
Keyserling Cancer Center at Beaufort Memorial Hospital
Beaufort, South Carolina, 29902
St. Francis Hospital and Health Centers - Beech Grove Campus
Beech Grove, Indiana, 46107
St. Joseph Cancer Center
Bellingham, Washington, 98225
MeritCare Bemidji
Bemidji, Minnesota, 56601
Mountainview Medical
Berlin Corners, Vermont, 05602
National Naval Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland, 20889-5600
St. Luke's Cancer Network at St. Luke's Hospital
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015
Hematology Oncology Associates of the Quad Cities
Bettendorf, Iowa, 52722
Mecosta County Medical Center
Big Rapids, Michigan, 49307
CCOP - Montana Cancer Consortium
Billings, Montana, 59101
St. Vincent Healthcare Cancer Care Services
Billings, Montana, 59101
Hematology-Oncology Centers of the Northern Rockies - Billings
Billings, Montana, 59102
Billings Clinic - Downtown
Billings, Montana, 59107-7000
Bismarck Cancer Center
Bismarck, North Dakota, 58501
Medcenter One Hospital Cancer Care Center
Bismarck, North Dakota, 58501
Mid Dakota Clinic, PC
Bismarck, North Dakota, 58501
St. Alexius Medical Center Cancer Center
Bismarck, North Dakota, 58502
Eugene M. and Christine E. Lynn Cancer Institute at Boca Raton Community Hospital - Main Campus
Boca Raton, Florida, 33486
Saint Alphonsus Cancer Care Center at Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center
Boise, Idaho, 83706
Mountain States Tumor Institute at St. Luke's Regional Medical Center
Boise, Idaho, 83712
Central Care Cancer Center at Carrie J. Babb Cancer Center
Bolivar, Missouri, 65613
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center
Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
Boston University Cancer Research Center
Boston, Massachusetts, 02118
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
Boulder Community Hospital
Boulder, Colorado, 80301-9019
Wood County Oncology Center
Bowling Green, Ohio, 43402
Bozeman Deaconess Cancer Center
Bozeman, Montana, 59715
St. Joseph's Medical Center
Brainerd, Minnesota, 56401
Skaggs Cancer Center at Skaggs Regional Medical Center
Branson, Missouri, 65616
Olympic Hematology and Oncology
Bremerton, Washington, 98310
Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center
Brighton, Massachusetts, 02135-2997
Bryn Mawr Hospital
Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 19010
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Buffalo
Buffalo, New York, 14215
Roy and Patricia Disney Family Cancer Center at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center
Burbank, California, 91505
Highline Medical Center Cancer Center
Burien, Washington, 98166
Lahey Clinic Medical Center - Burlington
Burlington, Massachusetts, 01805
Alamance Cancer Center at Alamance Regional Medical Center
Burlington, North Carolina, 27216
Fletcher Allen Health Care - University Health Center Campus
Burlington, Vermont, 05401
Fairview Ridges Hospital
Burnsville, Minnesota, 55337
St. James Healthcare Cancer Care
Butte, Montana, 59701
Mercy Cancer Center at Mercy Medical Center
Canton, Ohio, 44708
Southeast Cancer Center
Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 63703
Waverly Hematology Oncology
Cary, North Carolina, 27518
East Bay Radiation Oncology Center
Castro Valley, California, 94546
Valley Medical Oncology Consultants - Castro Valley
Castro Valley, California, 94546
Sandra L. Maxwell Cancer Center
Cedar City, Utah, 84720
Cedar Rapids Oncology Associates
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52403
Mercy Regional Cancer Center at Mercy Medical Center
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52403
Providence Centralia Hospital
Centralia, Washington, 98531-9027
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7295
West Virginia University Health Sciences Center - Charleston
Charleston, West Virginia, 25304
Blumenthal Cancer Center at Carolinas Medical Center
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232-2861
Presbyterian Cancer Center at Presbyterian Hospital
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28233-3549
University of Virginia Cancer Center
Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center at Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois, 60611-3013
Hematology and Oncology Associates
Chicago, Illinois, 60611
John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County
Chicago, Illinois, 60612-3785
Resurrection Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois, 60631
University of Chicago Cancer Research Center
Chicago, Illinois, 60637-1470
Creticos Cancer Center at Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois, 60657
Saint Joseph Hospital
Chicago, Illinois, 60657
Adena Regional Medical Center
Chillicothe, Ohio, 45601
Marshfield Clinic - Chippewa Center
Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, 54729
Clackamas Radiation Oncology Center
Clackamas, Oregon, 97015
MetroHealth Cancer Care Center at MetroHealth Medical Center
Cleveland, Ohio, 44109
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center
Cleveland, Ohio, 44195
Memorial Hospital Cancer Center - Colorado Springs
Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80909
Penrose Cancer Center at Penrose Hospital
Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80933
Ellis Fischel Cancer Center at University of Missouri - Columbia
Columbia, Missouri, 65203
John B. Amos Cancer Center
Columbus, Georgia, 31904
Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute at Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1240
Mount Carmel Hospital East
Columbus, Ohio, 43213
Riverside Methodist Hospital Cancer Care
Columbus, Ohio, 43214-3998
CCOP - Columbus
Columbus, Ohio, 43215
Grant Medical Center Cancer Care
Columbus, Ohio, 43215
Zangmeister Center
Columbus, Ohio, 43219
Mount Carmel Health - West Hospital
Columbus, Ohio, 43222
Doctors Hospital at Ohio Health
Columbus, Ohio, 43228
New Hampshire Oncology - Hematology, PA at Payson Center for Cancer Care
Concord, New Hampshire, 03301
Batte Cancer Center at Northeast Medical Center
Concord, North Carolina, 28025
Mercy and Unity Cancer Center at Mercy Hospital
Coon Rapids, Minnesota, 55433
Heartland Oncology and Hematology
Council Bluffs, Iowa, 51503
Ochsner Health Center - Covington
Covington, Louisiana, 70433
Geisinger Cancer Institute at Geisinger Health
Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-0001
Danville Regional Medical Center
Danville, Virginia, 24541
Mercy Fitzgerald Hospital
Darby, Pennsylvania, 19023
Genesis Regional Cancer Center at Genesis Medical Center
Davenport, Iowa, 52803
Grandview Hospital
Dayton, Ohio, 45405
Good Samaritan Hospital
Dayton, Ohio, 45406
David L. Rike Cancer Center at Miami Valley Hospital
Dayton, Ohio, 45409
Samaritan North Cancer Care Center
Dayton, Ohio, 45415
CCOP - Dayton
Dayton, Ohio, 45420
Oakwood Cancer Center at Oakwood Hospital and Medical Center
Dearborn, Michigan, 48123-2500
Charles B. Eberhart Cancer Center at DeKalb Medical Center
Decatur, Georgia, 30033
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Atlanta (Decatur)
Decatur, Georgia, 30033
Decatur Memorial Hospital Cancer Care Institute
Decatur, Illinois, 62526
Grady Memorial Hospital
Delaware, Ohio, 43015
Denver Health Medical Center
Denver, Colorado, 80204
St. Anthony Central Hospital
Denver, Colorado, 80204
Kaiser Permanente - Denver
Denver, Colorado, 80205
Porter Adventist Hospital
Denver, Colorado, 80210
Presbyterian - St. Luke's Medical Center
Denver, Colorado, 80218
St. Joseph Hospital
Denver, Colorado, 80218
Rose Medical Center
Denver, Colorado, 80220
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Denver
Denver, Colorado, 80220
CCOP - Colorado Cancer Research Program
Denver, Colorado, 80224-2522
CCOP - Iowa Oncology Research Association
Des Moines, Iowa, 50309
John Stoddard Cancer Center at Iowa Methodist Medical Center
Des Moines, Iowa, 50309
Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates at John Stoddard Cancer Center
Des Moines, Iowa, 50309
Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates at Mercy Cancer Center
Des Moines, Iowa, 50314
Mercy Cancer Center at Mercy Medical Center - Des Moines
Des Moines, Iowa, 50314
John Stoddard Cancer Center at Iowa Lutheran Hospital
Des Moines, Iowa, 50316
Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute
Detroit, Michigan, 48201-1379
Kent General Hospital
Dover, Delaware, 19901
Doylestown Hospital Cancer Center
Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 18901
Delaware County Regional Cancer Center at Delaware County Memorial Hospital
Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, 19026
Dublin Hematology and Oncology Care
Dublin, Georgia, 31021
Duluth Clinic Cancer Center - Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota, 55805-1983
CCOP - Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota, 55805
Miller - Dwan Medical Center
Duluth, Minnesota, 55805
St. Luke's Hospital Cancer Care Center
Duluth, Minnesota, 55805
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - East Orange
East Orange, New Jersey, 07018-1095
Dale and Frances Hughes Cancer Center at Pocono Medical Center
East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 18301
CCOP - Hematology-Oncology Associates of Central New York
East Syracuse, New York, 13057
Shore Regional Cancer Center at Memorial Hospital - Easton
Easton, Maryland, 21601
Marshfield Clinic Cancer Care at Regional Cancer Center
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54701
Fairview Southdale Hospital
Edina, Minnesota, 55435
Shaw Regional Cancer Center
Edwards, Colorado, 81632
Sherman Hospital
Elgin, Illinois, 60123
Alexian Brothers Radiation Oncology
Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007
Elkhart Clinic, LLC
Elkhart, Indiana, 46514-2098
Michiana Hematology-Oncology, PC - Elkhart
Elkhart, Indiana, 46514
Elkhart General Hospital
Elkhart, Indiana, 46515
Union Hospital of Cecil County
Elkton MD, Maryland, 21921
Elmhurst Memorial Hospital
Elmhurst, Illinois, 60126
Falck Cancer Center at Arnot Ogden Medical Center
Elmira, New York, 14905
Community Cancer Center
Elyria, Ohio, 44035
Hematology Oncology Center
Elyria, Ohio, 44035
Swedish Medical Center
Englewood, Colorado, 80110
Dizzy Gillespie Cancer Institute at Englewood Hospital and Medical Center
Englewood, New Jersey, 07631
Ephrata Cancer Center at Ephrata Community Hospital
Ephrata, Pennsylvania, 17522
Green Bay Oncology, Limited - Escanaba
Escanaba, Michigan, 49431
Evanston Hospital
Evanston, Illinois, 60201-1781
St. Francis Hospital
Evanston, Illinois, 60202
Center for Cancer Care at Exeter Hospital
Exeter, New Hampshire, 03833
North Bay Cancer Center
Fairfield, California, 94533
MeritCare Broadway
Fargo, North Dakota, 58102
CCOP - MeritCare Hospital
Fargo, North Dakota, 58122
Roger Maris Cancer Center at MeritCare Hospital
Fargo, North Dakota, 58122
Piedmont Fayette Hospital
Fayetteville, Georgia, 30214
St. Francis Hospital
Federal Way, Washington, 98003
Blanchard Valley Medical Associates
Findlay, Ohio, 45840
Hunterdon Regional Cancer Center at Hunterdon Medical Center
Flemington, New Jersey, 08822
Genesys Hurley Cancer Institute
Flint, Michigan, 48503
Hurley Medical Center
Flint, Michigan, 48503
McLeod Regional Medical Center
Florence, South Carolina, 29501
Poudre Valley Hospital
Fort Collins, Colorado, 80524
Front Range Cancer Specialists
Fort Collins, Colorado, 80528
Brooke Army Medical Center
Fort Sam Houston, Texas, 78234-6200
Hembree Mercy Cancer Center at St. Edward Mercy Medical Center
Fort Smith, Arkansas, 72903
Fort Wayne Medical Oncology and Hematology
Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46845
Middletown Regional Hospital
Franklin, Ohio, 45005-1066
Frederick Memorial Hospital Regional Cancer Therapy Center
Frederick, Maryland, 21701
Fredericksburg Oncology, Incorporated
Fredericksburg, Virginia, 22401
CentraState Medical Center
Freehold, New Jersey, 07728
Leonard C. Ferguson Cancer Center
Freeport, Illinois, 61032
Kaiser Permanente - Fremont
Fremont, California, 94538
Valley Medical Oncology
Fremont, California, 94538
Mercy and Unity Cancer Center at Unity Hospital
Fridley, Minnesota, 55432
Northeast Georgia Medical Center
Gainesville, Georgia, 30501
CaroMont Cancer Center at Gaston Memorial Hospital
Gastonia, North Carolina, 28053
Glendale Memorial Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center
Glendale, California, 91204
Valley View Hospital Cancer Center
Glenwood Springs, Colorado, 81601
Wayne Memorial Hospital, Incorporated
Goldsboro, North Carolina, 27534
Altru Cancer Center at Altru Hospital
Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58201
Saint Francis Cancer Treatment Center at Saint Francis Memorial Health Center
Grand Island, Nebraska, 68803
St. Mary's Regional Cancer Center at St. Mary's Hospital and Medical Center
Grand Junction, Colorado, 81502
Butterworth Hospital at Spectrum Health
Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503
CCOP - Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503
Lacks Cancer Center at Saint Mary's Health Care
Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503
Big Sky Oncology
Great Falls, Montana, 59405-5309
Great Falls Clinic - Main Facility
Great Falls, Montana, 59405
Sletten Cancer Institute at Benefis Healthcare
Great Falls, Montana, 59405
North Colorado Medical Center
Greeley, Colorado, 80631
Green Bay Oncology, Limited at St. Vincent Hospital Regional Cancer Center
Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54301-3526
Green Bay Oncology, Limited at St. Mary's Hospital
Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54303
St. Mary's Hospital Medical Center - Green Bay
Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54303
St. Vincent Hospital Regional Cancer Center
Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54307-3508
Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic - Green Bay at Aurora BayCare Medical Center
Green Bay, Wisconsin, 54311
California Cancer Care, Incorporated - Greenbrae
Greenbrae, California, 94904
Moses Cone Regional Cancer Center at Wesley Long Community Hospital
Greensboro, North Carolina, 27403-1198
Wayne Hospital
Greenville, Ohio, 45331
Bendheim Cancer Center at Greenwich Hospital
Greenwich, Connecticut, 06830
Van Elslander Cancer Center at St. John Hospital and Medical Center
Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, 48236
John R. Marsh Cancer Center at Washington County Hospital
Hagerstown, Maryland, 21740
Virginia Oncology Associates - Hampton
Hampton, Virginia, 23666
Helen and Harry Gray Cancer Center at Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Connecticut, 06102-5037
Saint Francis/Mount Sinai Regional Cancer Center at Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center
Hartford, Connecticut, 06105
Northern Montana Hospital
Havre, Montana, 59501
Hays Medical Center
Hays, Kansas, 67601
Kaiser Permanente Medical Center - Hayward
Hayward, California, 94545
Geisinger Hazleton Cancer Center
Hazleton, Pennsylvania, 18201
St. Peter's Hospital
Helena, Montana, 59601
Pardee Memorial Hospital
Hendersonville, North Carolina, 28791
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Hines
Hines, Illinois, 60141
Memorial Cancer Institute at Memorial Regional Hospital
Hollywood, Florida, 33021
Cancer Research Center of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813
OnCare Hawaii, Incorporated - Lusitana
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813
Queen's Cancer Institute at Queen's Medical Center
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813
Straub Clinic and Hospital, Incorporated
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813
Hawaii Medical Center - East
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817
OnCare Hawaii, Incorporated - Kuakini
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817
Kaiser Permanente - Moanalua Medical Center and Clinic
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96819
Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96826
Tripler Army Medical Center
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96859
New Hampshire Oncology - Hematology, PA - Hooksett
Hooksett, New Hampshire, 03106
Baylor University Medical Center - Houston
Houston, Texas, 77030
Ben Taub General Hospital
Houston, Texas, 77030
St. Luke's Texas Cancer Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital
Houston, Texas, 77030
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Houston
Houston, Texas, 77030
Edwards Comprehensive Cancer Center at Cabell Huntington Hospital
Huntington, West Virginia, 25701
Hutchinson Hospital Corporation
Hutchinson, Kansas, 67502
Hutchinson Area Health Care
Hutchinson, Minnesota, 55350
St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana, 46260
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa, 52242-1002
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Iowa City
Iowa City, Iowa, 52246
Dickinson County Healthcare System
Iron Mountain, Michigan, 49801
Foote Memorial Hospital
Jackson, Michigan, 49201
University of Mississippi Cancer Clinic
Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
Queens Cancer Center of Queens Hospital
Jamaica, New York, 11432
Mercy Regional Cancer Center
Janesville, Wisconsin, 53547
Goldschmidt Cancer Center
Jefferson City, Missouri, 65109
UW Cancer Center Johnson Creek
Johnson Creek, Wisconsin, 53038
Joliet Oncology-Hematology Associates, Limited - West
Joliet, Illinois, 60435
NEA Medical Center - Stadium Boulevard
Jonesboro, Arkansas, 72401
Borgess Medical Center
Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49001
West Michigan Cancer Center
Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49007-3731
Bronson Methodist Hospital
Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49007
Glacier Oncology, PLLC
Kalispell, Montana, 59901
Kalispell Medical Oncology at KRMC
Kalispell, Montana, 59901
Kalispell Regional Medical Center
Kalispell, Montana, 59901
Provena St. Mary's Regional Cancer Center - Kankakee
Kankakee, Illinois, 60901
Kansas Masonic Cancer Research Institute at the University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City, Kansas, 66160-7357
Truman Medical Center - Hospital Hill
Kansas City, Missouri, 64108
Saint Luke's Cancer Institute at Saint Luke's Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri, 64111
St. Joseph Medical Center
Kansas City, Missouri, 64114
North Kansas City Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri, 64116
Parvin Radiation Oncology
Kansas City, Missouri, 64116
Heartland Hematology Oncology Associates, Incorporated
Kansas City, Missouri, 64118
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Kansas City
Kansas City, Missouri, 64128
Research Medical Center
Kansas City, Missouri, 64132
Good Samaritan Cancer Center at Good Samaritan Hospital
Kearney, Nebraska, 68848-1990
Columbia Basin Hematology
Kennewick, Washington, 99336
Keesler Air Force Base Medical Center
Kessler Air Force Base, Mississippi, 39534
Charles F. Kettering Memorial Hospital
Kettering, Ohio, 45429
Christine LaGuardia Phillips Cancer Center at Wellmont Holston Valley Medical Center
Kingsport, Tennessee, 37662
Kinston Medical Specialists
Kinston, North Carolina, 28501
Thompson Cancer Survival Center
Knoxville, Tennessee, 37916
Howard Community Hospital
Kokomo, Indiana, 46904
Franciscan Skemp Healthcare - La Crosse Campus
La Crosse, Wisconsin, 54601
Canada21 sites
Margaret and Charles Juravinski Cancer Centre
Hamilton, Ontario, L8V 5C2
British Columbia Cancer Agency - Centre for the Southern Interior
Kelowna, British Columbia, V1Y 5L3
Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario at Kingston General Hospital
Kingston, Ontario, K7L 5P9
Grand River Regional Cancer Centre at Grand River Hospital
Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1G3
London Regional Cancer Program at London Health Sciences Centre
London, Ontario, N6A 4L6
Southlake Regional Health Centre
Newmarket, Ontario, L3Y 2P9
R. S. McLaughlin Durham Regional Cancer Centre at Lakeridge Health Oshawa
Oshawa, Ontario, L1G 2B9
Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre - General Campus
Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 1C4
Allan Blair Cancer Centre at Pasqua Hospital
Regina, Saskatchewan, S4T 7T1
St. Catharines General Hospital at Niagara Health System
Saint Catharines, Ontario, L2R 2Z7
Saint John Regional Hospital
Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L2
Saskatoon Cancer Centre at the University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 4H4
Cancer Care Program at Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences
Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4
Toronto East General Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, M4C 3E7
Odette Cancer Centre at Sunnybrook
Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5
St. Michael's Hospital - Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8
Princess Margaret Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9
Trillium Health Centre - Mississauga Site
Toronto, Ontario, M9C 1A5
British Columbia Cancer Agency - Vancouver Cancer Centre
Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E6
Windsor Regional Cancer Centre at Windsor Regional Hospital
Windsor, Ontario, N8W 2X3
CancerCare Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0V9
About this study
Official title: A Phase III Trial of Irinotecan / 5-FU / Leucovorin or Oxaliplatin / 5-FU/ Leucovorin With Bevacizumab, or Cetuximab (C225), or With the Combination of Bevacizumab and Cetuximab for Patients With Untreated Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Colon or Rectum
PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial is studying cetuximab and/or bevacizumab when given together with combination chemotherapy to compare how well they work in treating patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
RATIONALE: Monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab and bevacizumab, can block tumor growth in different ways. Some block the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Others find tumor cells and help kill them or carry tumor-killing substances to them. Cetuximab may also stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Bevacizumab may also stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking blood flow to the tumor. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Giving monoclonal antibodies together with combination chemotherapy may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known whether combination chemotherapy is more effective with cetuximab and/or bevacizumab in treating patients with colorectal cancer.
Read the detailed description
OUTLINE: This is a randomized, open-label, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to physician-selected chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI), prior adjuvant chemotherapy (yes vs no), and prior pelvic radiotherapy (yes vs no). Patients were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms.
Primary Objective:
- To determine if the addition of cetuximab to FOLFIRI or FOLFOX chemotherapy prolongs survival compared to FOLFIRI or FOLFOX with bevacizumab in patients with untreated, advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer who have K-ras wild type tumors.
Secondary Objectives:
- To evaluate response, progression-free survival (PFS), time to treatment failure (TTF), and duration of response (DR) among patients with unresectable advanced metastatic colon cancer treated with bevacizumab or cetuximab in addition to chemotherapy with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX
- To evaluate toxicity and, in particular, 60-day mortality among patients with unresectable advanced metastatic colon cancer treated with bevacizumab or cetuximab in addition to chemotherapy with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX
- To describe patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer rendered "resectable" with chemotherapy
There are premedication guidelines that were established for patients assigned to receive cetuximab. All patients must be premedicated with diphenhydramine hydrochloride 50 mg (or a similar agent) IV prior to the first dose of cetuximab in an effort to prevent an infusion or hypersensitivity reaction. Premedication is also recommended prior to subsequent doses, but at the investigator's discretion the dose of diphenhydramine (or a similar agent) may be reduced. Pretreatment with acetaminophen may also be used.
There are bevacizumab administration instructions for patients for whom surgery is being contemplated or required. For patients for whom elective surgery is contemplated, bevacizumab is to be discontinued for at least 8 weeks prior to surgery. Bevacizumab may be resumed after at least 4 weeks following surgery. Patients who undergo complete resection of metastatic disease will discontinue protocol therapy and may receive further treatment at the treating physician's discretion. For patients for whom non-elective surgery is required, hold bevacizumab as long as possible prior to surgery and for at least 6 weeks following surgery.
Patients received a minimum of two cycles of therapy. Patients were allowed to receive ancillary therapy per protocol. Treatment continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or surgery with curative intent as planned. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up to 5 years.
- Conditions
- Colorectal Cancer
- Being tested
- bevacizumab, cetuximab, FOLFOX or, FOLFIRI
- Keywords
- recurrent colon cancer, stage III colon cancer, stage III rectal cancer, stage IV colon cancer, recurrent rectal cancer, stage IV rectal cancer, adenocarcinoma of the colon, adenocarcinoma of the rectum
- Medical subject headings
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Colonic Neoplasms, Rectal Neoplasms
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
bevacizumabBiological
Given IV
cetuximabBiological
Given IV
FOLFOX orDrug
Also called Eloxatin (oxaliplatin), leucovorin (folinic acid) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Patients receive oxaliplatin 85 mg/m^2 IV infused over two hours followed by leucovorin 400 mg/m^2 IV over 2 hours followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m^2 IV bolus, then 2400 mg/m^2 continuous IV infusion over 46-48 hours
FOLFIRIDrug
Also called CPT-11 (irinotecan), leucovorin (folinic acid), and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Patients receive irinotecan 180 mg/m^2 IV infused over 90 minutes followed by leucovorin 400 mg/m^2 IV over 2 hours followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m^2 IV bolus following leucovorin then 2400 mg/m^2 continuous IV infusion over 46-48 hours.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Arm A: FOLFOX or FOLFIRI + bevacizumab | Active comparator | Patients receive bevacizumab 5 mg/kg IV every two weeks and then receive either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI every two weeks as described in the intervention section. One cycle is defined as 8 weeks of treatment. Treatment continues until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or surgery with curative intent as planned. Receives: Biological: bevacizumab; Drug: FOLFOX or; Drug: FOLFIRI |
| Arm B: FOLFOX or FOLFIRI + cetuximab | Experimental | Patients receive cetuximab 400mg/m^2 IV over 2 hours on the first day of treatment, then 250 mg/m^2 IV over 1 hour weekly thereafter. Patients also receive either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI every two weeks as described in the intervention section. One cycle is defined as 8 weeks of treatment. Treatment continues until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or surgery with curative intent as planned. Receives: Biological: cetuximab; Drug: FOLFOX or; Drug: FOLFIRI |
| Arm C: FOLFOX or FOLFIRI + cetuximab + bevacizumab | Experimental | Patients receive cetuximab 400mg/m^2 IV over 2 hours on the first day of treatment, then 250 mg/m^2 IV over 1 hour weekly thereafter. Also, patients receive bevacizumab 5 mg/kg IV every two weeks and then receive either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI every two weeks as described in the intervention section. One cycle is defined as 8 weeks of treatment. Treatment continues until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or surgery with curative intent as planned. Receives: Biological: bevacizumab; Biological: cetuximab; Drug: FOLFOX or; Drug: FOLFIRI |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Overall Survival
Survival time will be defined as the time from registration to death. Time to event distributions will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Overall Survival (OS) will be compared between Arm A and Arm B.
Measured: Up to 5 years post-treatment
Secondary outcomes (3)
Progression-free Survival (PFS)
PFS will be measured from study entry until first documented progression or death from any cause. Time to event distributions will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. PFS will be compared between Arm A and Arm B.
Measured: Up to 5 years post-treatment
Time to Treatment Failure
Measured: Up to 5 years post-treatment
Duration of Tumor Response
Measured: Up to 5 years post-treatment
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Dec 2005 (estimated)
- Study startNov 2005
- Primary completionFeb 2015
- Study completionJan 2018
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Colorectal CancerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Alliance for Clinical Trials in OncologyThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 2,334 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), SWOG Cancer Research Network, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Aptuit
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Alan Venook, MD, Study chair, University of California, San Francisco
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00265850
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- CALGB 80405
- Other IDs
- U10CA037447, CDR0000455161, NCI-2009-00434
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 14 Dec 2005
- Last updated
- 7 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Schrag D, Naughton M, Kesselheim A, et al.: Clinical trial participants' strategies for coping with prescription drug costs: A companion study to CALGB 80405. [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 27 (Suppl 15): A-9503, 2009.
Venook AP, Blanke CD, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, Taylor JR, Hollis DR, Sutherland S, Goldberg RM. Revisiting the Cancer and Leukemia Group B/Southwest Oncology Group 80405 Trial: a phase III trial of chemotherapy and biologic agents for patients with untreated advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2007 May;6(7):536-8. doi: 10.3816/CCC.2007.n.021. No abstract available.
PubMed 17553204Venook AP, Blanke CD, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, Taylor JR, Hollis DR, Sutherland S, Goldberg RM. Cancer and Leukemia Group B/Southwest Oncology Group trial 80405: a phase III trial of chemotherapy and biologics for patients with untreated advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2005 Nov;5(4):292-4. doi: 10.3816/ccc.2005.n.043. No abstract available.
PubMed 16356309Battaglin F, Ou FS, Qu X, Hochster HS, Niedzwiecki D, Goldberg RM, Mayer RJ, Ashouri K, Zemla TJ, Blanke CD, Venook AP, Kabbarah O, Lenz HJ, Innocenti F. HER2 Gene Expression Levels Are Predictive and Prognostic in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Enrolled in CALGB/SWOG 80405. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jun 1;42(16):1890-1902. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.01507. Epub 2024 Mar 8.
PubMed 38457761Raghav K, Ou FS, Venook AP, Innocenti F, Sun R, Lenz HJ, Kopetz S. Acquired Genomic Alterations on First-Line Chemotherapy With Cetuximab in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis of the CALGB/SWOG-80405 Trial (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jan 20;41(3):472-478. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00365. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
PubMed 36067452Yuan C, Sato K, Hollis BW, Zhang S, Niedzwiecki D, Ou FS, Chang IW, O'Neil BH, Innocenti F, Lenz HJ, Blanke CD, Goldberg RM, Venook AP, Mayer RJ, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA, Ng K. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Findings from CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Dec 15;25(24):7497-7505. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0877. Epub 2019 Sep 23.
PubMed 31548349Guercio BJ, Zhang S, Ou FS, Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, Innocenti F, O'Neil BH, Shaw JE, Polite BN, Hochster HS, Atkins JN, Goldberg RM, Sato K, Ng K, Van Blarigan E, Mayer RJ, Blanke CD, O'Reilly EM, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA. Associations of Physical Activity With Survival and Progression in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From Cancer and Leukemia Group B (Alliance)/SWOG 80405. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Oct 10;37(29):2620-2631. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01019. Epub 2019 Aug 13.
PubMed 31408415Lenz HJ, Ou FS, Venook AP, Hochster HS, Niedzwiecki D, Goldberg RM, Mayer RJ, Bertagnolli MM, Blanke CD, Zemla T, Qu X, Wirapati P, Tejpar S, Innocenti F, Kabbarah O. Impact of Consensus Molecular Subtype on Survival in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2019 Aug 1;37(22):1876-1885. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.02258. Epub 2019 May 1.
PubMed 31042420Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, Innocenti F, Fruth B, Meyerhardt JA, Schrag D, Greene C, O'Neil BH, Atkins JN, Berry S, Polite BN, O'Reilly EM, Goldberg RM, Hochster HS, Schilsky RL, Bertagnolli MM, El-Khoueiry AB, Watson P, Benson AB 3rd, Mulkerin DL, Mayer RJ, Blanke C. Effect of First-Line Chemotherapy Combined With Cetuximab or Bevacizumab on Overall Survival in Patients With KRAS Wild-Type Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Jun 20;317(23):2392-2401. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7105.
PubMed 28632865